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Biology Midterm
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Passive transport | transport that does not use energy |
| diffusion | movement of particles from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration |
| equilibrium | having the same amount of particles throughout |
| osmosis | movement of water molecules across a semipermeable membrane in response to a high solute concentration |
| phospholipid heads | ~are polar ~are on the outside and inside of the cell membrane |
| phospholipid tails | ~are non-polar ~made of lipids (fats) ~ are the center of the cell membrane |
| Facilitated Diffusion | diffusion through selective pores |
| How does glucose get into most cells? | Facilitated diffusion - through channel proteins |
| solute | particle in solution |
| hypertonic solution | more solute particles outside the cell than inside |
| hypotonic solution | more solute particle inside the cell than outside |
| isotonic solution | same amount of solute inside and outside the cell |
| In Osmosis, water will always move toward what? | the highest solute concentration |
| This will happen if a cell is placed in a hypertonic solution | Cell will shrink |
| This will happen if a cell is placed in a hypotonic solution | Cell will burst |
| This will happen if a cell is placed in a isotonic solution | Cell will stay the same |
| Robert Hooke | discovered and named "cells" |
| Anton von Leeuwenhoek | discovered microorganisms in pond water |
| 3 parts of the Cell Theory | 1.) All living things are composed of 1 or more cells 2.) In organisms, cells are basic units of structure and function 3.) Cells are produced only from existing cells |
| Why must cells be small? | ~must be able to exchange materials in and out of the cell ~ move materials within the cell ~ small cells are more EFFICIENT! |
| Cell membrane | ~ separates the cell's insides from the material outside the cell ~ regulates what moves in and out of the cell |
| Cytoplasm | everything inside the cell except the cell's genetic make-up (DNA) |
| cytosol | fluid portion of the cytoplasm |
| Ribosomes | structures on which proteins are made |
| Prokaryotes | ~ single-celled organisms only! ~ NO NUCLEUS!! |
| Eubacteria | these are common bacteria |
| Archaebacteria | similar to bacteria but have different ribosomes, different type of cell wall, and live in harsh environments |
| 3 types of archaebacteria | 1.)heat-loving 2.)salt-loving 3.) methane-making |
| Extremophiles | organisms that thrive in extreme environments |
| Eukaryotes | have a true nucleus, can be unicellular or mutlicellular |
| cytoskeleton | ~ made of microfilaments, microtubules, and intermediate fibers ~ all work to give the cell support, shape, help it move, and stay organized |
| selectively permeable | will only let certain things pass through |
| Nucleus | ~ has nuclear envelope with pores (holes) ~ contains DNA ~ has nucleolus that makes ribosome parts |
| nucleolus | makes ribosome parts in the nucleus |
| vesicle | package formed from ribosomes,Golgi, or ER containing various materials |
| Rough ER | makes proteins |
| Smooth ER | makes lipids and breaks down toxic substances |
| Golgi Apparatus | modifies, sorts, and packages cell products |
| Lysosomes | ~ vesicle that has enzymes to break down large molecules ~ also recycles old, damaged, or unused organelles |
| Vacuoles | ~ large spaces for storage |
| central vacuoles | plants have large central vacuoles for water storage |
| Chloroplasts | ~ PLANTS ONLY!! ~ uses light energy to make sugar |
| Mitochondria | Powerhouse of the cell - like a battery |
| Flagella | Long, whip-like tails that are used to move some cells around their environment |
| Cilia | Short, hair-like projections that move substances over some cells |
| sexual reproduction | 2 parents give genetic material to make offspring that are genetically different from them - most eukaryotes |
| What is the advantage to sexual reproduction? | genetic diversity |
| homologous chromosomes | chromosomes of the same type |
| gametes | sex cells...sperm and eggs |
| zygote | when gametes from the parents combine, the result is called |
| haploid | (1n) 1 of each type of chromosome |
| diploid | (2n) 2 of each type of chromosome |
| Meiosis | is cell division that makes daughter cells with half the number of chromosomes than the parent cell. |
| Prophase I | ~ chroms. condense ~ nuclear envelope breaks down ~ homologous chrom. pair up ~ crossing over can occur |
| Metaphase I | ~ spindle fibers move homologous chrom. to middle of cell ~ homologues remain together |
| ~ homologous chrom. move to opposite poles ~ Chromosomes DO NOT separate at the centromere at this stage!! | |
| Telophase I | ~ chrom. gather at poles ~ cytoplasm starts to divide |
| Cytokinesis | cytoplasm divides |
| At the end of Meiosis I, how many chromosomes are in each cell? | 23 |
| At the end of Meiosis I, what do the chromosomes look like? | they look like "X"s because they haven't separated at the centromere |
| new spindles form | |
| Metaphase II | chrom. line up in middle |
| Anaphase II | chrom. divide at centromeres and move to either pole |
| Telophase II | ~ nuclear envelope forms around each set of chrom. ~ spindles disappear ~ cell begins to divide |
| What is the result of the entire process of meiosis? | This results in a total of 4 new haploid cells that are genetically different from the parent cell! |
| How many chromosomes are in each of the 4 resulting cells after Meiosis is finished? | 23 |
| How many chromosomes are in the original parent cell when meiosis begins? | 46 |
| nondisjunction | when chromosomes do not separate properly |
| crossing over | in Prophase I - homologous chromosomes can sometimes swap the tips of their chromatids |
| independent assortment | the random distribution of chromosomes in a gamete |
| karyotype | map of your chromosomes |
| trisomy | extra chromosome in a 2n cell |
| autosomes | the 22 chromosome pairs that are NOT sex chromosomes (pairs 1-22) |
| sex chromosomes | X and Y chromosomes - the only pair that determine your sex |
| XX | combo of sex chromosomes that produces a female |
| XY | combo of sex chromosomes that produces a male |
| Down Syndrome | trisomy of chromosome 21 |
| Mitosis | division of body cells from one parent cell into 2 genetically identical daughter cells |
| IPMAT-C | the order of the stages of the cell cycle |
| Chromosome | rod shaped structure that forms when a single DNA molecule and its associated proteins coil tightly before cell division |
| genes | segment of DNA that carries info from the parent to the offspring |
| Chromatid | one of a pair of strands of DNA that make up a chromosome |
| centromere | chromatids are joined in the center by this- is made of protein. |
| Interphase | this phase is what the cell spends most of its life in |
| What is the main event that happens in Interphase? | DNA is copied, at end you have a chromosome with 2 chromatids |
| PROPHASE - what are 4 things that happen in this phase? | 1.)chrom. begin to condense 2.) nuclear envelope starts to disappear 3.)centrioles start to move to opposite sides of the cell 4.) spindle fibers start to form |
| polar bodies | another name for centrioles |
| microtubules | what spindle fibers are made of |
| METAPHASE - what 2 things happen in this phase? | 1.) chromosomes keep condensing 2.) chromosomes line up on the "equator" of the cell |
| kinetochore | more microtubules extend out of the centromere at this place - hold the chroms in place |
| ANAPHASE - what 2 things happen in this phase? | 1.) centromere divides and the 2 chromatids separate 2.) the new chroms. move to opposite sides as the spindle fibers shorten |
| TELOPHASE - what 3 things happen in this phase? | 1.) chroms uncoil at either end of cell 2.)spindle fibers break down and disappear 3.)new nuclear envelope forms |
| Cytokinesis | cell is cleaved in half |
| What is the result of Mitosis? | 2 genetically identical cells |
| Golgi bodies | what plants use to complete cytokinesis by making a cell plate |
| p53 gene | gene that regulates the cell cycle at the G1 checkpoint |
| 3 checkpoints of the cell cycle | G1, G2, Metaphase |
| cyclins | proteins that regulate the cell cycle |
| cancer | uncontrolled cell growth |
| apoptosis | programmed cell death |
| stem cells | unspecialized cells from which differentiated cells develop |
| totipotent stem cell | ~ can become any type of cell needed for an organism to grow and develop ~ are the ultimate stem cells ~ first embryonic cells |
| pluripotent stem cell | ~ has potential to differentiate into any type of human tissue ~ used in stem cell therapy ~ come from totipotent stem cells |
| multipotent stem cell | differentiate into different types of cells within a given lineage EX: blood cell line can make either red blood cells or white blood cells |
| unipotent stem cell | can only make more of the same type of cell EX: a skin cell can only make another skin cell |
| Potential causes of cancer | ~ smoking ~ radiation ~ viral infection ~ defect in the p53 gene |
| CO2 and H2O | products released by cellular respiration |
| O2 and Glucose | products of photosynthesis |
| autotroph | another word for plants - they make their own food |
| heterotroph | another word for animals or consumers that have to get their food |
| carbon dioxide | gas that is released during cell respiration |
| oxygen | gas that is produced by plants given into the atmosphere |
| glucose | C6H12O6 |
| ATP | energy made and used in these processes |
| sunlight | source of energy for the entire planet |
| chloroplast | organelle that carries out photosynthesis |
| mitochondria | organelle that makes lots of ATP in cell respiration |
| chlorophyll | pigment that reflects green and yellow light |
| pyruvate | what glucose is broken down into during glycolysis |
| glycolysis | step 1 of cell respiration that begins breaking down glucose into smaller molecules |
| light reaction | this step makes ATP and O2 in photosynthesis |
| dark reaction | this step makes glucose in photosynthesis |
| aerobic | uses oxygen to make lots of ATP |
| anaerobic | does NOT use oxygen |
| lactic acid | made by muscles during anaerobic respiration |
| ethyl alcohol | made by plants or other microorganisms during anaerobic respiration |
| fermentation | anaerobic process that results in ethyl alcohol or lactic acid |
| water | is a by-product of cell respiration and used by plants for photosynthesis |
| Carotenoids | pigments that absorb blue and green but reflect red, orange, and yellow |
| products of photosynthesis | O2 and Glucose |
| autotroph | another word for plants - they make their own food |
| heterotroph | another word for animals or consumers that have to get their food |
| gas that is produced by plants given into the atmosphere | oxygen |
| glucose chemical formula | C6H12O6 |
| ATP | energy made and used in these processes |
| source of energy for the entire planet | sunlight |
| organelle that carries out photosynthesis | chloroplast |
| organelle that makes lots of ATP in cell respiration | mitochondria |
| flat disks inside the chloroplast that have chlorophyll | thylakoid |
| pigment that reflects green and yellow light | chlorophyll |
| this step makes ATP and O2 in photosynthesis | light dependent reaction |
| this step makes glucose in photosynthesis | dark reaction |
| Where the light dependent reaction takes place | Thylakoid membrane |
| Process that allows plants to make food from the sun | photosynthesis |
| granum | one stack of thylakoids |
| photon | energy packets that come from the sun |
| which step of photosynthesis creates ATP energy | light reaction |
| What is made at the end of the dark reaction? | Glucose |
| IPMAT-C | the order of the stages of the cell cycle |
| Chromosome | rod shaped structure that forms when a single DNA molecule and its associated proteins coil tightly before cell division |
| genes | segment of DNA that carries info from the parent to the offspring |
| Chromatid | one of a pair of strands of DNA that make up a chromosome |
| centromere | chromatids are joined in the center by this- is made of protein. |
| 23 | How many TYPES of chromosomes do we have in each body cell? |
| 46 | How many TOTAL chromosomes do we have in each body cell? |
| diploid | 2 of each type of chromosome |
| haploid | sex cells (gametes) only have 1 of each type of chromosome so they are called this |
| Interphase | this phase is what the cell spends most of its life in |
| binary fission | The way bacteria reproduce |
| parthenogenesis | reproducing without a mate by producing a viable egg |
| vegetative reproduction | a type of asexual reproduction by plants that use the roots, stem, or leaves to make identical copies of itself |
| zygote | result of a sperm fertilizing a egg |
| genetic diversity | advantage of sexual reproduction |
| nucleotides | monomer on nucleic acids like DNA and RNA |
| p53 gene | gene that regulates the cell cycle at the G! checkpoint |
| cell membrane | The structure most responsible for keeping things in or out of the cell |
| What causes your muscles to hurt when you go into anaerobic respiration? | lactic acid |
| An example of this type of macromolecule would be enzymes. | protein |
| pyruvate | What the glucose gets broken down into during glycolysis |
| Examples of carbohydrates | sugar, starch |
| apoptosis | programmed cell death |
| cell | basic unit of life |
| ribosomes | make proteins |
| anaerobic | does NOT use oxygen |
| aerobic | uses oxygen |
| metaphase | chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell |
| -ase | ending for enzymes |
| -ose | ending for sugars (carbs) |
| chloroplast | site of photosynthesis |
| chemical formula for glucose | C6H12O6 |
| active transport | requires energy |
| passive transport | does not require energy |
| cellular respiration | cells use oxygen to create energy from food |
| mitochondria | makes ATP |
| monomer is fatty acids | lipids |
| ATP | energy currency of the cell |
| macromolecule | a very large molecule |
| many sugars | polysaccharide |
| yeast | causes bread to rise |
| DNA | carries genetic information |
| phospholipids | make up the cell membrane |
| rough ER | has ribosomes on the outside and makes and packages proteins |
| The 3 parts of the Cell Theory | ~ All cells come from existing cells ~ Cells are the basic unit of structure and function ~ All living things are made of cells |
| starting materials for photosynthesis | ~ sunlight ~ water ~ carbon dioxide |
| starting materials for cell respiration | ~ glucose ~ oxygen |
| hypotonic solution | ~ solution has less solute than inside the cell ~ cell will swell or burst |
| hypertonic solution | ~ solution has more solute than inside the cell ~ cell with shrink |
| isotonic solution | ~ solution has the same solute concentration as inside the cell ~ cell will stay the same |
| diffusion | movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration |
| osmosis | movement of WATER in response to a high solute concentration across a semi-permeable membrane |
| exocytosis | a vesicle fuses with the cell membrane and releases its contents outside the cell |
| endocytosis | a vesicle fuses with the cell membrane and releases its contents inside the cell? |
| centromere | The protein disk where 2 chromatids attach to each other to form an "X" shape |
| cyclins | internal factors that control the cell cycle |
| glycolysis | stage 1 of cell respiration |
| pinocytosis | bringing in large quantities of LIQUID into the cell |
| phagocytosis | bringing in large quantities of SOLIDS into the cell |
| correct order of the components of a protein | amino acids - polypeptides - proteins |
| thylakoid | pancake shaped disk in the chloroplast where the light reaction occurs |
| fermentation | occurs when a cell can't get oxygen needed for cell respiration |
| interphase | cell spends most of its life in this phase |
| products of photosynthesis | ~ glucose ~ oxygen |
| products of cell respiration | ~ carbon dioxide ~ water ~ ATP ~ heat |
| phase where the cell grows, duplicates chromosomes, and duplicates organelles | interphase |
| Which aspect of a chemical reaction is affected by enzymes? | the rate (how fast or slow) |
| The green pigment that absorbs blue and red light but reflects green and yellow | chlorophyll |
| a type of organism that can make its own food | autotroph |
| heterotroph | organisms that need to obtain their food |
| the cell cycle phases in order | ~ interphase - G1,S,G2 ~ Mitosis - prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase ~ Cytokinesis |
| nuclear envelope | Protects the nucleus, pores allow things to pass in and out of the nucleus |
| Anton Von Leeuwenhoek | first to look at pond water and discover microorganisms |
| Robert Hooke | named cells, "cells" |
| Characteristics ALL cells share | ~ cell membrane ~ ribosomes ~ cytoplasm |
| anaphase | phase that separates the chromatids and they start ot move to opposite ends of the cell |
| organelles that plant cells have but animal cells do not | ~ cell wall ~ large central vacuoles ~ chloroplasts |
| cancer | divide uncontrollably and invade/steal nutrients from surrounding cells |
| prokaryotes | do NOT have a nucleus |
| eukaryotes | have a nucleus |
Created by:
arcadem1223
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