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B1 BIOLOGY

CELL BIOLOGY

QuestionAnswer
What type of cells are animal and plant cells? Eukaryotic cells
Which is smaller - eukaryotic or prokaryotic cells? Prokaryotic cells
What type of cells are bacteria cells? Prokaryotic cells
What are plasmids? rings of DNA
Why are prefixes used in science? Give examples. Prefixes are used in science to make very small numbers more manageable. centi (cm) milli (mm) micro (𝛍m) nano (nm)
What do eukaryotic cells have? Have a cell membrane, cytoplasm and genetic material (DNA) enclosed in a nucleus.
Where is the genetic material stored in prokaryotic cells? The genetic material is not enclosed in a nucleus. The DNA is a single loop and there may be one or more rings of DNA called plasmids.
What contains genetic material, which controls the activities of the cell? nucleus
Where do most chemical processes take place? cytoplasm
What controls the movement of substances into and out of the cell? cell membrane
Where is most energy released by respiration? mitochondria
Where does protein synthesis take place? ribosomes
What strengthens the cell and is made of cellulose? cell wall
What contains chlorophyll and absorbs light energy for photosynthesis? Chloroplasts
What is filled with cell sap to help keep the cell turgid? Permanent vacuole
What do you call a small ring of DNA often used as a vector in genetic modification? Plasmid (DNA)
Where is the genetic material in a prokaryotic cell? In a bacterial DNA loop and there may be one or more plasmid rings.
Where is the genetic material in a eukaryotic cell? The DNA is in chromosomes enclosed in a nucleus.
What does cell differentiation mean? When a cell changes to become specialised.
In what stage of an animal’s life cycle do most cells differentiate? In the early stages.
In mature animals when do cells still need to differentiate? For repair and replacement of cells.
In what stage of their life cycle do plant cells differentiate? They differentiate throughout their lifecycle.
If electron microscopes have a higher magnification and resolution than light microscopes - what does this mean? This means that scientists can see more sub- cellular structures (structures within the cells).
What type of microscopes can let us see structures like nuclei and mitochondria? Light microscopes
What type of microscopes can let us see the internal structures of a chloroplast and mitochondrion? Electron microscopes
Define the term ‘resolution’. The shortest distance between two objects that can be seen clearly.
What are the advantages of the electron microscope? Electron microscopes have a higher magnification and resolution than light microscopes; scientists can see more sub-cellular structures.
Name the smallest cell structures that can be seen by the light microscope? Nuclei and mitochondria
What are the smallest cell structures that can be seen by the electron microscope? Internal structures of mitochondria and chloroplasts.
What are chromosomes? Coiled strands of DNA molecules.
Define ‘diffusion’. The spreading of the particles from a region where they are of a higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
Where in a cell do you find chromosomes? In the nucleus of cells.
How many chromosome pairs do you find in a human body cell? 23 pairs
What are the three stages of the cell cycle? Growth, DNA synthesis and mitosis.
What is mitosis and what is it used for in animals and plants? Growth, repair and asexual reproduction.
What is a stem cell? An undifferentiated cell.
Which type of human stem cell can differentiate into any human cell? Embryo stem cells.
What are meristems? Structures in plants that contain stem cells.
State two reasons that plants are cloned. To clone rare species of plants and to clone crop plants with useful characteristics.
Define osmosis? Osmosis is the diffusion of water from a dilute solution to a concentrated solution through a partially permeable membrane.
What is a partially permeable membrane? A membrane that lets some but not all substances through.
Define active transport. Active transport moves substances from a more dilute solution to a more concentrated solution (against a concentration gradient) using energy from respiration.
Why does active transport need to occur in root hair cells? Because the minerals are at a higher concentration in the roots than in the soil.
Created by: HJB1972
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