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Biology B Unit 7
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Biotechnology | The use of technology to change the genetic make up of living things for human benefit |
| Health | Create new medicine or treat genetic disorders |
| Food | Create crops that resist insects or have more nutrients |
| Environment | Create alternatives to fossil fuels |
| Genetic Engineering | Modifying the DNA of a living organism by adding, removing, or manipulating their genes to get a new desired trait |
| GMO(Genetically Modified Organism) | Have received 1 or more foreign genes bg artificial means by biologists for human benefits |
| Recombinant DNA Technology | A type of genetic engineering that changes the genetic code of an organism for human benefits. 2 Genes are combined from different organisms |
| Gene Splicing | A specific gene is cut and inserted into the DNA of a different organism |
| Restriction Enzyme | Cuts DNA at a specific sequence of bases |
| Gene Splicing Step 1 | A specific gene is cut from a donor cell using a restriction enzyme |
| Gene Splicing Step 2 | The same restriction enzyme is then used to cut open the DNA from a host cell leaving single stranded ends called sticky ends allowing the DNA of the donor and host cell to pair up complementary |
| Gene Splicing Step 3 | Donor DNA is inserted into an organisms that is usually a bacterial cell. The recombinant DNA then reproduces rapidly allowing the mass production of desired proteins from the inserted gene |
| CRISPR | The latest gene editing technology that targets specific stretches of the genetic code to edit DNA at precise locations. Allows researches to prementantly modify genes and could correct genetic mutatuions |
| Cloning | Creating organism that is genetically identical to the parent |
| Unicellular | Making an identical copy of an organism by mitosis |
| Cloning Step 1 | Remove DNA from a body cell from the organism you want to clone |
| Cloning Step 2 | Take an egg cell from a donor and remove the nucleus creating an egg cell with no DNA in it |
| Cloning Step 3 | Insert the DNA from the body cell into the egg cell and stimulate mitosis to occur |
| Cloning Step 4 | Implant the developing embryo into a surrogate |
| PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) | A technique that makes money copies of DNA when a small DNA sample is collected, this allows us to create enough DNA to test in a lab |
| Gel Electrophoresis | A technique used to separate pieces of DNA based on size and charge that creates a pattern called a DNA fingerprint |
| Gel Electrophoresis Step 1 | DNA is cut with restriction enzymes |
| Gel Electrophoresis Step 2 | Different samples of DNA are placed into wells in a gel |
| Gel Electrophoresis Step 3 | The gel is attached to electrodes + and - |
| Gel Electrophoresis Step 4 | DNA molecules are negatively charged and are pulled towards the positive elctrode |
| Gel Electrophoresis Step 5 | The DNA fragments move through the gel based on their size. The smaller the fragment, the further it moves through the gel. |
| Cell Differentiation | The changes that a cell undergoes as it becomes specialized and it will only express genes that code for proteins that cell produces |
| Stem Cells | Found in early embryonic development and the ability to turn into different types of cells and can be used to grow new cells in a lab to replace damaged cells or tissues. |
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