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Chapt. 6
Metabolism
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Heterotrophic | feed upon autotrophs or upon other organisms that do, to get their chemical energy |
| Functioning of anarobes | fermentation to generate energy and reducing power, secreting metabolic by-products (such as ethanol in brewing) as waste |
| Common inorganic electron donors | hydrogen, ammonia (leading to nitrification), iron and several reduced sulfur compounds. |
| 1st Law of thermodynamics | energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transfered |
| 2nd law of thermodynamics | states that entropy always increases: during transformation, some energy lost but mover from order to disorder |
| Chemical energy | used in plants & measured by kilacalories |
| Free Energy | the amount of energy that can be gained by breaking the bonds of a chemical. |
| Function of enzymes | 1. function as biological catalysts; they are neither consumed nor permanently changed during a reaction. |
| Cofactors | non-protien components, helps some enzymes |
| The compound that gains electrons | reduced |
| compound that loses one or more electrons | oxidized |
| Anabolism | includes the processes that utilize energy to synthesize and assemble the building blocks of a cell. |
| Catabalism | Cellular processes that harvest the energy released during the breakdown of compounds such as glucose and use that energy to synthesize ATP, the energy currency of all cells. |
| ADP V. ATP | ATP has higher energy so it breaks off phosphate to release or absorb energy |
| Reactions that lead to ATP synthesis usually involve | transfer of electrons |
| Anabolic pathways | biosynthetic pathways |
| Reversible reactions | When the same enzymes that converted reactants to product can reverse the direction of this action |
| The advantage to having pathways | energy is extracted from the chemical where it is stored and this avoids wastage |
| 4 properties of enzymes | 1)speed up reactions 2) reusable 3) can recognize and bind with reactants and sometimes products 4)they are specific to their substrates |
| What is generated during catabolism and used during anabolism? | ATP |
| primary function of enzymes | to reduce activation energy or to remove the energy barrier that prevents its action |
| Active site | specific location where enzyme binds to substrate |
| Cofactors | non-protien |
| Coenzymes | organic compounds that accept electrons and assist enzymes |
| NAP, FAD, FADH2 | Examples of coenzymes |
| Factors that affect enzyme action | ph, temperature, salt concentration |
| Fermentation | 1. uses pyruvate or a derivative as a terminal electron acceptor rather than oxidizing it further in the TCA cycle; this recycles the reduced electron carrier NADH. |
| Intermediates | starting compounds |
| Net yield of ATP after fermentation | 2 as opposed to 38 |
| Microbes that produce their own acids as a result of fermentation | propionibacterium |
| Fermentation as organisim ID | 1. Because a given type of organism uses only one pathway, fermentation endproducts can be used as identifying markers. |
| Hydrolytic enzymes | 1. break down macromolecules into their respective subunits. |
| Anabolism | needed for cellular reparation |
| can be used to form intermediates of glycolysis and Krebb's cycle | amino acids |
| How is gylcoylsis reversed? | through glucongenesis to form glucose from pyruvate |
| Fatty acid synthesis | hydrolyzed by lipase, releasing glycerol and fatty acids - from acetyl co-A |
| Chlorophylls | he primary pigments used to harvest solar energy. |
| Carotenoids | accessory pigments that absorb wavelengths of light not absorbed by the chlorophylls and then transfer that energy to the chlorophylls. |
| Photosynthesis takes place in | cyanobacteria & algae |
| Light-independent reactions | take place in the stroma of chloroplasts, involving synthesis of carbohydrates |
| Absorption of photosynthetic pigment | red & blue best - next green & yellow |
| Antenae complex | Complex in photosynthetic organisms composed of hundreds of light-gathering pigments; acts as a funnel, capturing light energy and transferring it to reaction-center chlorophyll. |
| photosystems | clusters of pigment in membrane struck by photons |
| Used in light independent reactions | ATP & NADPH |
| Plants, algae and cyanobacteria, which extract electrons from water | oxygenic phototrophs |
| Non-cylic pathway | 2 photosystems & 2 electron transport chains are involved |
| puts the "synthesis" in photosynthesis | light independent reactions |
| Provides hydrogen atoms & electrons | NADPH |
| Use of glucose | to be stored as starch or used to build cellulose - intermediates of its breakdown used to make molecules or to build lips or aminos |
| The most common pathway used to incorporate CO2 into organic carbon | Calvin cycle |
| Why does fermentation release less energy than respiration? | Fermentation does not use oxidative phosphorylation, where most energy is released, to generate ATP. This also is reflected in the end products of fermentation. These molecules still contain a sizable amount of energy that has not been released in the met |
| Why is it important for a cell that allosteric inhibition be reversible? | The advantage to allosteric inhibition is that enzyme catalyzed reactions can be responsive to changing conditions. If allosteric inhibition were not reversible, then when conditions changed the cell could not respond to different conditions. |
| Fermentation is used as a means of preserving foods. Why would it slow spoilage? | The end products of fermentation are materials such as acids and alcohols. These materials are inhibitory or poisonous to microorganisms, even to those that produce them, and would prevent the further growth of microorganisms. |
| It requires energy to reverse the flow of the electron transport chain. Why would this be so? | Energy is released as electrons are passed along the carriers of the electron transport chain; thus, an equivalent amount of energy must be supplied to reverse those same reactions. |
| With a branched biochemical pathway, why would it be important for a cell to shut down the first step as well as branching steps? | If the cell only shut down the branching step, then the intermediate compounds would accumulate. By shutting down the first step as well, the cell only synthesizes compounds that are necessary. |
| How does an enzyme catalyze a chemical reaction? | lowers the activation energy of that reaction which allowschemicals to undergo rearrangements |
| Composed of sugar ribose, nitrogen base adenine, & 3 phosphate groups | ATP |
| Accepts free energy | ADP |
| derived from viatimins | coenzymes |
| end of glycolysis | pyruvate |
| converts to acid & alcohol | fermentation |
| Which of the following molecules are end products of anaerobic metabolism or fermentation? | latic acid, ethanol, proponic acid |
| Electron carriers that oxidize energy source are: | NAD+, FAD, NADP+: They are electron carriers |
| Which of the following substances are produced in the TCA cycle (Kreb's cycle)? | 1. carbon dioxide 2. NADH 3. FADH2 4. ATP |
| A site on an enzyme that is separate from the active site and that alters the affinity of the enzyme to the substrate when it is bound with an effector is called a(n) | allosteric site |
| Feedback inhibition | When the end product of a biosynthetic pathway allosterically inhibits the first enzyme of the pathway it is called |
| Processes utilize the energy of the proton motive force to synthesize ATP? | Photophosphorylation, oxidative phosphorylation |
| provides electrons for proton motive force | NADH & FADH2 |
| Used in biosynthesis | NADPH |
| Central metabolic pathways | Glycolysis, pentose phosphate, TCA, |
| Glycolysis | oxidizes glucose to pyruvate |
| What does glycholisis produce? | ATP, reducing power, precursur metabolites |
| Uses 02 as a terminal electron acceptor | Aerobic respiration |
| Uses an inorganic molecule ther than o2 for terminal electron acceptor | Anaerobic respiration |
| Uses pyruvate or derivitive as a terminal electron acceptor | Fermentation |
| Competes with normal substrate | competitive inhibitor |
| When inhibitor and substrate act as different sites on the enzyme | non-competitive inhibitor |
| Converts 1 molecule of glucose to 2 molecules of pyruvate | Glycholosis |
| Used to drive synthesis of ATP | Glycholisis, transition step, TCA cycle |
| Passes electrons, ejects protons | electron transport chain |
| Photosynthesis | process by which photoautotrophs manufacture their food by using carbon dioxide, water, & sunlight |
| Chemoautotrophs | extracts electrons/energy from INORGANIC chemicals like nitrate or sulfate, which are waste products of other organisms |
| Fat & amino breakdown | also enters Krebb cycle to release energy |
| dehydrogenation | when an electron AND proton are removed |
| hydrogenation | when electron & proton removed |
| In anabolysim, these serve as materials to make macromolecules | precursor metabolites |
| pentose phosphate pathway | breaks down glucose but primary function is production of compounds used in biosynthesis |
| transition step | removes CO2, generates reducing power, and joins the resulting acetyl group to coenzyme A |
| stops short of oxidizing glucose completely, instead using pyruvate as electron acceptor | Fermentation |
| group of electron carriers that pass electrons from one to the other | electron transport chain |
| Genes that are very similar throughout the living world are said to be | CONSERVED |
| PROTEASES | can break peptide bond |
| What determines the FUNCTION of an enzyme | the SUM of the chemical characteristics of the amino acids that comprise it and by their arrangements, one amino acid to another, in the linear chain. |
| Size of an enzyme | Enzymes are much larger than their substrates |
| ideal environment for neutrophiles | pure water |
| ideal environment for acidophiles | lemon juice, stomach acids |
| ideal environment for Alkaliphiles | baking soda, soap, amonia |
| needs ready supply of organic compounds | fastidious |
| plasmolysis | shrinking of cell membrane |
| effective only against pathogens | disinfection |
Created by:
sloanie32
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