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Evolution
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 2000-200 B.C. | Early science |
| A.D. 200-1200 | Age of theology |
| 13th century | Thomas Aquinas, Albertus Magnus, Roger Bacon |
| 16th Century | Francis Bacon, Niklaus Copernicus |
| 17th Century | Galileo Galilei, Isaac Newton, Archbishop James Usher |
| Aristotle (384-322 B.C.) | Observed 4 elements: earth, air, fire and water. |
| Albertus Magnus & Thomas Aquinas | Made distinction between the natural truth and revealed truth. |
| What does natural truth refer to? | Nature |
| What does revealed truth refer to? | Theology |
| Roger Bacon (1214-1294) | Urged people to reject religious dogma and "look at the world." |
| Francis Bacon (1551-1676) | Advocated experimentalism as a way to verify and rigorously test all things. |
| Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) | Advocated view of Copernicus, that the Earth is round and revolves around the sun. |
| Archbishop James Usher (mid 1700s) | Declared that the Earth was created in 4004 B.C. |
| Catastrophism | The earth's landscape is shaped by global catastrophes. |
| Gradualism | The earth's geological features are a result of slow, continuous processes. |
| Charles Lyell | Expanded the theory of gradualism into uniformitarianism. |
| The emerging science of ___ helped to lay the groundwork for Darwin's theory of evolution. | Geology |
| John Ray (1627-1705) | Noted that fossils were the remnants of once living organisms. |
| George Cuvier (1769-1832) | Supported the idea of catastrophism, which states that boundaries of each layer of strata correspond to a catastrophe that destroyed the species of the time. |
| James Hutton | He hypothesized that it was possible to explain variations in landforms by geological processes, such as sedimentation. |
| Slow continuous process can result in ___ changes. | Large |
| Carlos Linnaeus | Set up the binomial system of nomenclature. |
| What are the 2 characteristics of the binomial system of nomenclature? | 1. Each biological species is assigned the 2-part Latin name of genus and species. 2. All species are filed into a hierarchy of increasingly broad categories. |
| ___ suggested the possibility of evolution after observing homologous and vestigial structures in different species. | George de Buffon |
| Jean Baptiste Lamarck | The first to propose a functional mechanism for evolution. His theory incorporated the ideas of use and disuse and the inheritance of acquired characteristics. |
| Homologous structures | Structures that are found in related species. |
| Vestigial structures | Structures that are present and have no apparent use. Structures that were present in the ancestral species. |
| Biogeography | The study of the past and present distribution of individual species and entire communities. |
| Adaptation | Particularity of structure, physiology, or behavior that increases an organism's chance of survival and reproductive success. |
| Niche | The role of a species in a community of which it is part. It is the sum of an organism's adaptations, resources, and trophic interactions with other organisms. |
| Darwin based his theory of evolution by natural selection on: | The fossil record, the resemblance among similar species, artificial selection |
| The theory of evolution by natural selection incorporates several concepts: | Species change over long periods of time, the number of species increases over time, all species descend from a common ancestor, new species emerge from natural selection. |
| Artificial selection | The process by which desirable traits are selectively bred in plants and animals. |
| Natural selection | The differential reproductive success of members of a species. |
| Darwin published his book in ___ called ___. | 1859, The Origins of Species |
| The theory of evolution by natural selection can be summed up with 5 main points: | Variation, overpopulation, competition, survival, and reproduction. |
| Vestigial structures | Structures that are present in an organism yet have no apparent function. |
| Name some examples of vestigial structures. | The hipbones found in whales and snakes, the appendix in humans |
| Herbivores have an organ called the ___ that holds bacteria able to digest ___, a material found in the cell wall of plants. | Cecum, cellulose |
| ___ (meat eaters and plant and meat eaters) have a reduced cecum. | Carnivores |
| The remnant of the cecum in carnivores is the ___. | Appendix |
| Homologous structures | Structures between species with common ancestors. They may or may not look alike or perform the same function. |
| ___ between species can have superficial and functional similarities, not because of common ancestry, but because of convergent evolution. | Analogous structures |
| Convergent evolution | Takes place when structures with similar functions arise separately in different species. |
| Give an example of a harmful mutation. | Missense mutation |
| Give an example of a neutral mutation. | Silent mutation |
| What are the 2 main sources of variation? | Mutation, sexual recombination |
| Population | A group of organisms that belong to the same species and live in the same geographical area. |
| Polymorphism | The existence of 2 or more inherited forms in a population. |
| Balanced polymorphism | When 2 or more inherited forms of a trait are maintained in a population at constant frequencies over time. |
| Sexual recombination | The appearance of new gene combinations. |
| When does recombination occur? | During meiosis, either by crossing over or by the formation of new chromosome combinations. |
| What are the 3 forms of selection? | Stabilizing selection, directional selection, diversifying selection |
| Stabilizing selection | The extremes are selected against and the average is selected for. |
| Directional selection | One extreme is selected for and the opposite extreme is selected against. |
| Diversifying selection | The extremes are selected for and the average is selected against. |
| Sexual selection | Influences evolution by propagating traits deemed favorable by the opposite sex, not necessarily the environment. |
| What are the 4 reasons natural selection can't produce the perfect organism? | Evolution is based on history, new organisms are comprised in terms of their phenotype, not all evolution is adaptive, selection can only act upon existing alleles |
| What are the 2 examples of genetic drift? | Bottlenecks, the founder effect |
| How do bottlenecks occur? | When a disaster, such as an earthquake or human impact, greatly reduces a population. |
| John Ray (1627-1705) | Identified fossils as the remains of living things. |
| Fossils are formed through a process called ___. | Sedimentation |
| Absolute dating | A method using radioactive isotopes to date fossils. |
| The ___ of an isotope is the number of years required for half of the isotope to decay into another element. | Half-life |
| The depth of fossils in geologic data can provide the ___ of fossils. | Relative age |
| Precambrian era (4.5 by a) | The oldest known fossils are prokaryotes and are approx. 3.5byo. The dominant organisms were bacteria and algae. |
| Cambrian period (approx. 500mya) | Most modern animal phyla had been established by the end of this period. |
| Ordovician (approx. 440mya) | Plants originate; marine algae are abundant; other marine life, such as fish and corals, appear as ocean covers most of the continents. |
| Silurian (approx. 400mya) | First jawless fishes appear; plants and animals begin to colonize land. |
| Devonian (approx. 350mya) | The first insects and amphibians appear. Fishes with jaws first appear. Vascular plants diversify. |
| Carboniferous (approx. 290mya) | First reptiles appear; extensive forests exists on land. |
| Permian (250mya) | Reptiles radiate and become exceptionally abundant. Many organisms become extinct. |
| Permian (approx. 250mya) | Reptiles radiate and become exceptionally abundant. Many organisms become extinct. |
| Cretaceous (approx. 66mya) | Dinosaurs become extinct. Flowering plants appear. |
| Coevolution | The reciprocal of evolution of two or more interacting populations. |
| Give an example of coevolution. | The colonization of land plants followed by the colonization of insects that fed on them. |
| Transition fossils | Fossils of organisms that seem to present a direct lineage between ancestral and present-day organisms. |
| Cladogenesis | A pattern of change characterized by the branching of a lineage into different paths. |
| Give an example of cladogenesis. | The evolution of Equus. |
| Hyracotherium | Descendent of horses. Small, dog-sized, with teeth for feeding on woody plants and had 4 toes. |
| Mesohippus | Arose 20 million years later after the Hyracotherium. It was larger and had 3 toes, which was ideal for the environment. |
| Merychippus | Came after Mesohippus. Had an enlarged central toe with the two side toes reduced, called a hoof, designed to carry more weight. Also had teeth adapted for grazing on grassy herbaceous vegetation. |
| How many mass extinctions were there? | Five |
| When did the 5 mass extinctions occur? | At the end of the Ordovician, Devonian, Permian, Triassic, and Cretaceous time periods. |
| What caused the Ordovician extinction? | Massive glaciation |
| What caused the Devonian extinction? | Continental collision that caused a drop in ocean temperature. 80% of marine species were wiped out. |
| What caused the Permian extinction? | The supercontinent Pangea formed and most of the land mass was subject to cold temperatures. Glaciers and volcanoes were prevalent. 90% of land and marine species were wiped out. |
| What caused the Triassic extinction? | Possibly meteor impact |
| What caused the Cretaceous extinction? | Meteor impact. A layer of iridium, an element that is rare in earth but common in meteorites, was found between Cretaceous and Tertiary sediments. |
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