Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
organisation of NVS
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the two main nervous system divisions, and what are their primary functions? | Central Nervous:brain and spinal cord, processing sensory information and coordinating responses. Peripheral N.S: Consists of nerves extending from the CNS to the body, facilitating communication and controlling voluntary and involuntary functions. |
| What is the primary purpose of the Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS)? | The SNS prepares the body for stress or danger through the "fight-or-flight" response, mobilising energy reserves and increasing alertness. |
| List vital physiological effects of SNS activation. | Increased heart rate and force of contraction. Vasoconstriction in non-essential areas. Bronchodilation. Pupil dilation. Inhibition of digestion and urination. Increased glucose and fatty acid release. |
| What is the central role of the Parasympathetic Nervous System (PNS)? | The PNS conserves energy and promotes restorative processes like digestion and relaxation through the "rest and digest" response. |
| Describe the primary physiological effects of PNS activation. | Decreased heart rate. Vasodilation to digestive organs. Bronchoconstriction. Stimulation of digestion and saliva production. Promotion of bladder contraction and bowel motility. |
| How do the SNS and PNS maintain homeostasis together? | The SNS and PNS have opposing effects; the SNS dominates during stress, while the PNS prevails during relaxation. This balance maintains stable internal conditions. |
| What is the primary neurotransmitter used in cholinergic signalling, and where is it found? | Acetylcholine (ACh) is the primary neurotransmitter in parasympathetic pathways, sympathetic preganglionic neurons, and the adrenal medulla. |
| What are the two types of cholinergic receptors, and what functions do they serve?1 | Nicotinic Receptors: Found in autonomic ganglia and adrenal medulla, causing excitatory responses by opening ion channels. |
| What are the two types of cholinergic receptors, and what functions do they serve?2 | Muscarinic Receptors: Found in target organs, can be excitatory or inhibitory depending on subtype (e.g., M2 in the heart reduces heart rate, M3 in smooth muscles promotes gut motility). |
| What is the primary neurotransmitter in adrenergic signalling, and which division primarily uses it? | The sympathetic postganglionic neurons primarily use Noradrenaline (norepinephrine). |
| Describe the three main adrenergic receptor subtypes and their effects. | α1: Vasoconstriction increases blood pressure. β1: Increases heart rate and contraction force. β2: Bronchodilation and vasodilation in skeletal muscles. |
| What role does the adrenal medulla play in the SNS response? | The adrenal medulla releases adrenaline and noradrenaline into the bloodstream during stress, amplifying the body’s fight-or-flight response. |
| What are agonists and antagonists in pharmacology? | Agonists: Activate receptors to mimic neurotransmitter effects. Antagonists: Block receptors, preventing neurotransmitter action. |
| Give an example of a sympathomimetic and a sympatholytic drug and their effects. | Sympathomimetic: Salbutamol, a β2-agonist, causes bronchodilation for asthma relief. Sympatholytic: Propranolol, a β-blocker, lowers heart rate and blood pressure for treating hypertension. |
| What are parasympathomimetic and parasympatholytic drugs, and when are they used | Parasympathomimetic: Pilocarpine stimulates saliva and reduces intraocular pressure. It is used in glaucoma. Parasympatholytic: Atropine dilates pupils and reduces saliva, and it is used in eye exams and surgery. |
| How do adrenoceptor agonists aid in treating conditions like asthma and bradycardia? | Adrenoceptor agonists like Salbutamol (β2-agonist) promote bronchodilation to improve breathing, while Isoprenaline (β1-agonist) increases heart rate to counteract bradycardia. |
| What are the effects and clinical uses of adrenoceptor antagonists (β-blockers)? | β-blockers like Propranolol reduce heart rate, control blood pressure, and manage arrhythmias, commonly used in treating hypertension and anxiety. |
| What are muscarinic agonists used for in clinical practice? | Muscarinic agonists like Pilocarpine treat glaucoma by reducing intraocular pressure and stimulating saliva in dry mouth. |
| Describe two clinical applications of muscarinic antagonists. | Muscarinic antagonists include Atropine for pupil dilation in eye exams and Ipratropium for bronchodilation in respiratory conditions. |
| Why is an understanding of ANS pharmacology critical for clinical treatments? | Understanding ANS pharmacology enables targeted treatments that either stimulate or inhibit sympathetic and parasympathetic pathways, optimising outcomes and minimising side effects. |
| What are the divisions of the Peripheral Nervous System, and what does each control?1 | Somatic Nervous System: Controls voluntary movements of skeletal muscles. Autonomic Nervous System (ANS): Manages involuntary responses in organs, glands, and smooth muscles, |
| What are the divisions of the Peripheral Nervous System, and what does each control?2 | divided into: Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS): Activates "fight-or-flight" responses. Parasympathetic Nervous System (PNS): Manages "rest and digest" functions. Enteric Nervous System: Regulates gastrointestinal functions. |
Created by:
REDZ17
Popular Biology sets