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Biology Honors FINAL
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Photosynthesis | Process converting sunlight into chemical energy |
| Reactants | Substances consumed in a chemical reaction |
| Products | Substances produced in a chemical reaction |
| Diffusion | Movement of molecules from high to low concentration |
| Deciduous Trees | Trees that shed leaves annually |
| Sap | Sticky substance produced by plant cels |
| Leaf Structure | Flat to maximize sunlight absorption |
| Water Transport | Movement of water from roots to leaves |
| Glycolysis | First step in cellular respiration, breaking glucose |
| Kreb Cycle | Series of reactions producing electron carriers |
| Electron Transport Chain | First step in cellular respiration, produced ATP |
| ATP | Energy currency of the cell |
| NADH | Electron carrier in cellular respiration |
| Fermentation | Anaerobic process to produce energy without oxygen |
| Lactic Acid Fermentation | Occurs in muscle cells, produces lactic acid |
| Alcoholic Fermentation | Occurs in yeast, produces ethanol and C02 |
| Macromolecules | Large molecules essential for life functions |
| Monomers | Building bocks of macromolecules |
| Hydrolysis | Process of breaking down molecules by adding water |
| Dehydration Synthesis | Process of forming molecules by removing water |
| Polar Molecules | Molecules with unequal sharing of electrons |
| Non-polar Molecules | Molecules with equal sharing of electrons |
| Organic Molecules | Compounds containing carbon and hydrogen |
| Cellular Respiration | Process of converting glucose into ATP |
| Chlorophyll | Pigment in plants that absorbs sunlight |
| Photosynthetic Equation | 6CO2 + 6H2O + light -> C6H12O6 + 6O2P |
| Plant Nutrients | Essential minerals absorbed from the soil |
| Prokaryotic Cells | Cells without a nucleus |
| Eukaryotic Cells | Cells with a nucleus |
| Chloroplast Structure | Contains granum, thylakoids, and reactants |
| Selectively Permeable Membrane | Allows certain molecules to pass through |
| Active Transport | Energy required to move molecules against concentration |
| Light Reactions | Pigments absorb light, releasing electrons and oxygen |
| NADPH | Electron carrier formed from NADP+ |
| Cohesion | Hydrogen bonding between identical molecules |
| Adhesion | Hydrogen bonding between different molecules |
| Surface Tension | Molecules binding together at the surface |
| Pressure-Flow Mechanism | Sugar transport process in plants |
| Hypothesis | Testable explanation for observed phenomena |
| Theory | Well-substantiated explanation of natural phenomena |
| Quantitative Data | Data expressed in numbers |
| Qualitative Data | Descriptive data without numerical values |
| Independent Variable | Factor changed by tester |
| Dependent Variable | Factor observed or measured for change |
| Control Group | Part not exposed to independent variable |
| Constant Variables | Factors kept the same across experiments |
| Omosis | Water diffusion across a selectively permeable membrane |
| Stomata | Pores for gas exchange in leaves |
| Cohesion in Water | Water molecules bond, preventing falling |
| Adhesion in Water | Water bonds to xylem walls |
| Glucose Movement | Transported from chloroplasts to sinks |
| Amino Acids | Monomers that make up proteins |
| Proteins | Polymers of amino acids with diverse functions |
| Enzymes | Proteins that catalyze biochemical reactions |
| Antibodies | Proteins that identify and neutralize pathogens |
| Hormones | Chemical messengers that regulate physiological |
| Transport Proteins | Proteins that carry substances across membranes |
| Dipeptide | Two amino acids linked by a peptide bond |
| Polypeptide | Chain of amino acids forming a protein |
| Denaturation | Loss of protein structure, affecting function |
| Activation Energy | Energy required to initiate a chemical reaction |
| Substrate | Reactant molecule that enzymes act upon |
| Active Site | Region on enzyme where substrate binds |
| pH Scale | Measures acidity or basicity of a solution |
| Acid | Substance that donates H+ ions in solution |
| Base | Substance that accepts H+ ions in solution |
| Triglycerides | Fats and oils used for long-term energy storage |
| Saturated Fat | Fatty acids with single bonds, solid at room temperature |
| Unsaturated Fat | Fatty acids with double bonds, liquid at room temperature |
| Phospholipids | Lipids that form cell membranes, with hydrophilic heads |
| Monosaccharides | Simple sugars building blocks of carbohydrates |
| Disaccharides | Two monosaccharides linked together |
| Polysaccharides | Complex carbohydrates made of long chains of monosaccarides |
| Glycogen | Storage form of glucose in animas |
| Cellulose | Structural polysaccharide in plant cell walls |
| Nucleic Acids | Molecules that store and transmit genetic information |
| Chromosome | Tightly wound structures of DNA in cells |
| Histones | Proteins hat DNA wraps around for organization |
| Gene | DNA segment encoding a specific trait |
| Diploid | Cells with two sets of chromosomes (46 in total) |
| Homologous Chromosomes | Chromosome pairs from each parent |
| Meiosis | Cell division creating genetically diverse sex cells |
| Mitosis | Cell division producing identical body cells |
| Cytokinesis | Final step of cell division, separating cells/Division of cytoplasm, resulting in two daughter cells |
| Karyotype | Visual representation of an organisms chromosomes |
| Nondisjunctions | Failure of chromosomes to separate properly during division |
| Deletion | Loss of a chromosome segment during cell division |
| Duplication | Copying of a chromosome segment |
| Crossing Over | Exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes |
| Interphase | Cell cycles phase where the cell prepares for division |
| Surface Area to Volume Ratio | Determines efficiency of diffusion in cells |
| Cell Size | Smaller cells enhance diffusion efficiency |
| DNA Replication | Process of copying DNA before cell division |
| Centrosomes | Organelles that organize spindle fibers during mitosis |
| Chromatin | Loose form of DNA before it condenses into chromosomes |
| Prophase | First mitotic phase; chromosomes condense and nuclear membrane disappears |
| Metaphase | Chromosomes align at the cell’s equatorial plane |
| Anaphase | Sister chromatids are pulled apart to opposite cell sides |
| Telophase | Nuclear membranes reform around serrated chromosomes |
| Daughter Cells | Two identical cells produced from mitosis |
| Dominant Trait | Trait expressed when at least one dominant allele is present |
| Recessive Trait | Trait expressed only when two recessive alleles are present |
| Incomplete Dominance | Phenotype blend of two different alleles |
| Test Cross | Crossing dominant phenotype with recessive to determine genotype |
| Phenotype | Observable traits resulting from genotype expressions |
| Genotype | Genetic makeup of an organism, or the unique sequence of DNA that an individual inherits from their parents |
| CoDominance | Two different versions of a gene are expressed equally and produce different traits in an individual |
Created by:
ILIKEF00D
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