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The Role of Chromoso
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Mendel's laws of segregation and independent assortment follow 2 rules of probability: | the multiplicative rule, the additive rule |
| Multiplicative rule | Used to determine the probability that a given genotype will occur. |
| Additive rule | States that the probability of one or another of 2 mutually exclusive events occurring equals the sum of their individual probabilities. |
| Codominance | Both alleles of a heterozygote are distinctly expressed. |
| What blood type displays codominance? | AB |
| A person with type A blood has ___ antigens on the surface of the cell. | A |
| A person with type O blood has ___. | Neither A or B antigens |
| People with type A blood have antibodies to the ___ antigen. | Type B blood have antibodies to type ___ antigen. |
| Type AB blood don't produce either ___. | A or B antigens |
| Type O blood has both ___. | A and B antigens |
| Pedigree charts | Present information into a family tree to trace inheritance of various traits (including disorders) through generations. |
| Hemizygous | Sex-linked recessive traits in males. Need only one allele to express the trait. |
| What are some examples of sex-linked recessive traits? | Color blindness, hemophilia, Duchenne muscular dystrophy |
| Hemophilia | A defect in a blood-clotting protein causing excessive bleeding even from minor cuts or scrapes. |
| Duchenne muscular dystropy | The disease is caused by the absence of muscle protein dystrophin, causing progressive weakening of the muscles and loss of coordination. More common in males. |
| Lyon hypothesis | Seeks to explain how cellular events in males and females are similar, when females have 2 X chromosomes and males only have one. |
| What are some evidence supporting the Lyon hypothesis? | Barr bodies, quantitative enzyme studies, female calico cats, mosaic of sweat glands, unfavorable Lyonization |
| Mary Lyon | Developed the Lyon hypothesis to explain how cellular events in males and females could be similar when they have different number of X chromosomes. |
| Barr bodies | Discovered in 1949, are darkly staining masses that appear in the cell nuclei of women. Barr bodies are condensed inactivated X chromosome. |
| Klinefelters syndrome | XXY have one Barr body. |
| Enzyme studies reveal what of the Lyon hypothesis? | If both X chromosomes were active in women, you would expect them to produce twice as many enzyme products as males do. Enzyme studies reveal that males and females produce a comparable amount of enzyme products. |
| Why is it that there are only female calico cats? | The heterozygous females (XbXy), the patchiness in coat color is consistent with X inactivation. |
| Autosome | A chromosome that is not directly involved in sex determination. |
| In a ___, the ___ allele causes the disorder and masks the normal allele. | Heterozygote, autosomal dominant |
| An ___ condition is expressed in the ___ condition. | Autosomal recessive, homozygous |
| Sex-linked genes are located on the ___, which are involved in sex determination. | Sex chromosomes |
| X-linked dominant | In males or females, one abnormal allele on the X-chromosome causes the disorder. |
| X-linked recessive | Males with one abnormal allele express the trait, only homozygous females show the trait. |
| Y-linked | One abnormal allele on the Y chromosome causes the disorder. |
| The terms ___ and ___ describe the molecular processes by which information flows from DNA to RNA to protein. | Transcription, translation |
| Transcription is the enzymatic process by which genetic information contained in one strand of DNA is used to direct the synthesis of a complementary sequence of bases of ___. | mRNA |
| Why do prokaryotic cells translate mRNA immediately into a chain of amino acids? | Because they lack nuclei. |
| Why does transcription and translation occur in 2 different places in eukaryotic cells? | Because they have compartmentalized organelles. |
| Where does transcription occur in eukaryotic cells? | Inside the nucleus |
| Where does translation occur in eukaryotic cells? | In the cytoplasm |
| How does mRNA move from the nucleus to the cytoplasm? | Via nuclear pores |
| RNA | A nucleic acid polymer consisting of nucleotide subunits. |
| What sugar does RNA have the DNA doesn't? | Ribose |
| What nitrogenous base does RNA have? | Uracil |
| Promoter | A specific nucleotide sequence that binds RNA polymerase and shows where RNA transcription will begin. |
| This serves as a recognition site for proteins that aid RNA polymerase binding. | TATA box |
| Transcription factors | In eukaryotes, a collection of proteins that help RNA polymerase to recognize and bind to the promoter. |
| Terminator sequence | A sequence of nucleotides on the DNA strand that signals the end of transcription. |
| What happens during mRNA processing? | The ends of the transcript are altered, sections of the molecule are removed, and the remaining parts are sewn back together. |
| In RNA processing, the transcript is modified and the 5' end is capped with what? | A methylated guanine nucleotide. |
| What does the 5' cap protect the mRNA from? | Degradation by hydrolytic enzymes as it travels through the cytoplasm prior to translation. |
| How many adenine nucleotides consist the poly(A) tail? | 30-200 |
| What does the poly(A) tail do? | It protects the mRNA from degradation and assists it in export from the nucleus. |
| Posttranscriptional modification | Describes how a newly synthesized mRNA is processed. |
| Intervening sequences or introns | The noncoding portions that occur between coding portions on a new mRNA strand. |
| Exons | Coding regions |
| RNA splicing | Before the transcript is translation into a protein, the introns are removed. |
| Small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs) | consists of RNA and protein molecules that recognize the splice sites. |
| Spliceosome | A large complex formed from several snRNPs joined with additional proteins. |
| Translation | The synthesis of a polypeptide strand using the genetic information present in the mRNA molecule. |
| tRNA | Functions as the translator from nucleotide into amino acid language. |
| Ribosome | A cell organelle constructed in the nucleolus. Functions as a site for protein synthesis in the cytoplasm. |
| The ribosome is made up of 60% ___ and 40% ___. | Ribosomal RNA, protein |
| A tRNA anticodon binds to an ___, specifying for a particular amino acid. | mRNA codon |
| The process of charging a tRNA molecule involves what? | Bonding a tRNA molecule with a specific amino acid. |
| Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase | The enzyme that helps a tRNA molecule bind with a specific amino acid. |
| Marshall Nirenberg (1961) | Cracked the genetic code, discovering that 3 mRNA nucleotides translated into one amino acid. His experiments involved synthesizing artificial mRNA strands containing a known base sequence. |
| Codon | 3 nucleotide base pairs of DNA or mRNA that codes for a specific amino acid or termination signal. |
| What are the 3 stages of translation? | Initiation, elongation, termination |
| Degeneracy | Describes the relative unimportance the third nucleotide plays in specifying for a given amino acid. |
| T or F. There is ambiguity in the code. | False |
| During initiation, the cell expends energy in the form of ___. | GTP |
| Ribozyme | Aids in joining the new amino acid to the existing polypeptide strand. |
| Protein release factor | Binds to the stop codon and hydrolyzes the bond between the tRNA in the P site and the last amino acid of the polypeptide chain. |
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