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cardiovascular syste
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the primary functions of the cardiovascular system? | Circulates blood through systemic and pulmonary circuits. Maintains blood pressure. Supplies oxygen and nutrients to tissues. It plays an endocrine role by secreting hormones like Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP). |
| Where is the heart located, and what are its orientation landmarks? | The heart is located in the thoracic cavity, between the lungs, with the base pointing towards the right shoulder and the apex towards the left hip. |
| What are the four heart chambers, and what are their primary roles? | Right Atrium: Receives deoxygenated blood from systemic circulation. Left Atrium: Receives oxygenated blood from the pulmonary veins. Right Ventricle: Pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs. Left Ventricle: Pumps oxygenated blood to the body. |
| Why does the left ventricle have a thicker muscular wall than the right? | The left ventricle pumps blood to the entire body, requiring greater force and pressure than the right ventricle, which pumps only to the lungs. |
| Describe the blood flow pathway through the heart.1 | Deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium. Flows through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle. Pumped through the pulmonary valve to the pulmonary arteries and lungs. . |
| Describe the blood flow pathway through the heart.2 | Oxygenated blood returns via pulmonary veins to the left atrium. Passes through the mitral valve into the left ventricle. Pumped through the aortic valve into the aorta and systemic circulation |
| What are the two types of heart valves, and their specific roles? | Atrioventricular (AV) Valves: Prevent backflow from ventricles to atria (e.g., tricuspid and mitral valves). Semilunar Valves: Prevent backflow from arteries to ventricles (e.g., pulmonary and aortic valves). |
| What structures support the AV valves and prevent prolapse? | Papillary muscles and chordae tendineae. |
| What are the unique features of cardiac muscle cells? | Intercalated discs connect striated and branched cells Relies on calcium-induced calcium release (CICR) for contraction. |
| What is the role of the sinoatrial (SA) node? | The SA node acts as the heart's pacemaker, generating rhythmic contractions at ~75 depolarisations per minute. |
| What are the phases of the cardiac cycle?1 | 1. Late Diastole: Passive ventricular filling. 2. Atrial Systole: Atria contract, topping up ventricles. 3. Isovolumetric Contraction: Ventricles contract without blood ejection; AV valves close. |
| What are the phases of the cardiac cycle?2 | 4. Ejection Phase: Blood is pumped out as semilunar valves open. 5. Isovolumetric Relaxation: Ventricles relax; semilunar valves close. |
| What is the difference between systole and diastole? | Systole: In the contraction phase, blood is ejected from the heart. Diastole: Relaxation phase; chambers fill with blood. |
| What is the formula for cardiac output, and what factors influence it? | CO = HR × SV, where: HR (Heart Rate): Beats per minute. SV (Stroke Volume): Blood pumped per beat. |
| What factors regulate stroke volume? | Preload: Stretch from venous return (Starling’s Law). Contractility: Strength of contraction. Afterload: Resistance in the arteries. |
| What are the structural differences between arteries, veins, and capillaries? | Arteries: Thick, elastic walls that carry oxygenated blood (except pulmonary arteries). Veins: Thin walls with valves; carry deoxygenated blood (except pulmonary veins). Capillaries: Thin-walled; they allow the exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste. |
| What are the types of capillaries, and where are they found? | Continuous: Found in muscles and skin. Fenestrated: Found in kidneys and intestines. Sinusoidal: Found in the liver and bone marrow. |
| What forces drive fluid exchange in capillaries? | Hydrostatic Pressure: Pushes fluid out at the arterial end. Osmotic Pressure: Pulls fluid in at the venous end. |
| What role does the lymphatic system play in fluid exchange? | Returns excess fluid to circulation, preventing oedema. |
| What is mean arterial pressure (MAP), and what influences it? | MAP reflects average arterial pressure and is influenced by: Cardiac Output (CO). Resistance: Determined by vessel radius (R ∝ 1/r4). |
| How does the nervous system regulate blood pressure? | Sympathetic Nervous System: Increases blood pressure via vasoconstriction and increased HR. Parasympathetic Nervous System: Decreased blood pressure via vasodilation and reduced HR. |
| What hormones regulate blood pressure, and how? | RAAS (Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System): Increases BP by retaining sodium and water. ANP (Atrial Natriuretic Peptide): Decreases BP through vasodilation and natriuresis. |
Created by:
REDZ17
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