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respiratory system
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the pathway of oxygen from the external environment to the bloodstream? | Nasal cavity → Pharynx → Larynx → Trachea → Bronchi → Bronchioles → Alveoli |
| What happens at the alveoli during gas exchange? | Oxygen diffuses into pulmonary capillaries and binds to haemoglobin. Carbon dioxide diffuses from the capillaries into the alveoli to be exhaled. |
| How is oxygen transported in the blood? | 98% bound to haemoglobin as oxyhaemoglobin. 2% dissolved in plasma. |
| How do the respiratory and cardiovascular systems work together? | The right heart pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs. The left heart pumps oxygenated blood from the lungs to tissues. |
| What are the main components of the upper and lower respiratory tracts? | Upper: Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx. Lower: Trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli. |
| What are the roles of Type I and Type II pneumocytes in the alveoli? | Type I Pneumocytes: Thin cells specialised for gas exchange. Type II Pneumocytes: Secrete surfactant to reduce surface tension and prevent alveolar collapse. |
| What is the function of goblet cells and cilia in the respiratory epithelium? | Goblet cells secrete mucus to trap particles. Cilia move mucus and trapped debris upwards to be expelled or swallowed. |
| What are the differences between inhalation and exhalation? | Inhalation (active): Diaphragm contracts, thoracic volume increases, and air flows in. Exhalation (passive): Diaphragm relaxes, thoracic volume decreases, and air flows out. |
| What is the role of surfactant in the lungs? | Surfactant reduces alveolar surface tension, preventing collapse during exhalation. |
| What are the leading static lung volumes, and what are their definitions?(1) | § Tidal Volume (TV): Air inhaled/exhaled in a normal breath (~500 mL). Residual Volume (RV): Air remaining after maximum exhalation (~1200 mL). |
| What are the leading static lung volumes, and what are their definitions?(2) | Vital Capacity (VC): Maximum air exhaled after maximum inhalation (~4800 mL). Total Lung Capacity (TLC): Total air the lungs can hold (~6000 mL). |
| How does the pleural space aid lung expansion? | The negative pressure in the pleural space prevents lung collapse and aids inflation during inhalation. |
| What are the three key processes involved in gas exchange? | Ventilation: Air movement in and out of the lungs. Perfusion: Blood flow to alveoli. Diffusion: Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide across the alveolar-capillary membrane. |
| How is carbon dioxide transported in the blood? | Dissolved in plasma (~7%). As bicarbonate (~90%) via carbonic anhydrase. Bound to haemoglobin (~3%) as carbaminohaemoglobin. |
| What do central and peripheral chemoreceptors monitor? | Central Chemoreceptors: Monitor CO₂ and pH in cerebrospinal fluid. Peripheral Chemoreceptors: Detect arterial blood's oxygen, CO₂, and pH changes. |
| What is the role of the medullary respiratory centre in breathing? | Dorsal Respiratory Group (DRG): Active during inspiration. Ventral Respiratory Group (VRG): Active during forced expiration. |
| What are the protective reflexes of the respiratory system? | Cough Reflex: Clears airways of irritants or mucus. Sneezing Reflex: Clears nasal passages. |
| How does the respiratory system regulate blood pH? | By adjusting CO₂ levels through ventilation: Hyperventilation reduces CO₂, increasing pH (alkalosis). Hypoventilation retains CO₂, decreasing pH (acidosis). |
| What is the bicarbonate buffer equation? | CO2+H2O↔H2CO3↔H++HCO3−CO2+H2O↔H2CO3↔H++HCO3−. |
| What compensatory mechanisms occur in respiratory acidosis and alkalosis? | Respiratory Acidosis: Kidneys excrete hydrogen ions and reabsorb bicarbonate. Respiratory Alkalosis: Kidneys retain hydrogen ions and excrete bicarbonate. |
| What are obstructive respiratory diseases, and give examples? | Characterised by airflow obstruction and difficulty exhaling. Examples: Asthma, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). |
| What are restrictive respiratory diseases, and give an example? | Characterised by reduced lung compliance and limited expansion. Example: Pulmonary fibrosis. |
| What conditions impair gas exchange? | Pneumonia: Inflammation and fluid in alveoli. Pulmonary Oedema: Fluid accumulation in interstitial spaces. |
| What does spirometry measure, and what are its key parameters? | Measures lung volumes and airflow. Forced Vital Capacity (FVC): Maximum air exhaled. Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 Second (FEV1): Air exhaled in the first second. |
| What do arterial blood gases (ABGs) assess? | Measure oxygen (PaO₂), carbon dioxide (PaCO₂), and blood pH |
| What does pulse oximetry measure, and what is a normal range? | Estimates oxygen saturation (SpO₂); normal range is 95-100%. |
| What are the main classes of bronchodilators, and how do they work? | β₂-Agonists: Relax bronchial smooth muscle (e.g., salbutamol). Anticholinergics: Block parasympathetic bronchoconstriction (e.g., ipratropium). |
| What are the roles of corticosteroids in respiratory diseases? | Reduce airway inflammation in asthma and COPD. |
| When is oxygen therapy used, and why? | Used in hypoxic conditions to improve oxygen delivery to tissues. |
| How do obstructive and restrictive respiratory diseases differ? | Obstructive: Airflow obstruction (e.g., asthma, COPD). Restrictive: Reduced lung compliance (e.g., pulmonary fibrosis). |
| What is the difference between ventilation and perfusion? | Ventilation: Movement of air into and out of the lungs. Perfusion: Blood flow to the lungs for gas exchange. |
Created by:
REDZ17
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