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Microchap1

Microbiology Chapter 1

QuestionAnswer
Biotechnology The industrial application of microorganisms, cells and or cell components to make a useful product.
microorganism A living organism too small to be seen with the naked eye; includes bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and microscopic algae; also includes viruses.
recombinant DNA A DNA molecule produced by recombination.
mycology The scientific study of fungi.
fungus (plural: fungi) An organism that belongs to the Kingdom Fungi; a eukarotic absorptive chemoheterotroph.
molecular biology The science dealing with DNA and protein synthesis of living organisms.
emerging infectious disease (EID) A new or changing disease that is increasing or has the potential to increase in incidence in the near future.
biogenesis The theory that living cells arise only from preexisting cells.
fermentation The enzymatic degradation of carbohydrates in which the final electron acceptor is an organic molecule, ATP is synthesized by substrate-level phosphorylation, and O2 is not required.
parasitology The scientific study of parasites (protozoa and parasitic worms).
pathogen A disease-causing organism.
cell theory All living organisms are composed of cells and arise from preexisting cells.
ecology The study of the interrelationships between organisms and with their environment.
bacteriology The scientific study of prokaryotes, including bacteria and archaea.
species The most specific level in the taxonomic hierarchy.
specific epithet The second or species name in a scientific binomial.
chemotherapy Treatment with chemical substances.
infectious disease A disease in which pathogens invade a susceptible host and carry out at least part of their life cycle in the host.
prokaryote A cell whose genetic material is not enclosed in nuclear envelope.
genomics The study of genes and their function.
eukaryote A cell having DNA inside a distinct membrane-enclosed nucleus.
alga (plural: algae) A photosynthetic eukaryote; may be unicellular, filamentous, or multicellular but lack the tissues found in plants.
spontaneous generation The idea that life could arise spontaneously from nonliving matter.
virology The scientific study of viruses.
virus A submicroscopic, parastic, filterable agent consisting of a nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat.
aseptic techniques Laboratory techniques used to minimize contamination.
pasteurization The process of mild heating to kill particular spoilage microorganisms or pathogens.
bioremediation The use of microbes to remove an environmental pollutant.
bacteria Kingdom of prokaryotic organisms, characterized by peptidoglycan cell walls; bacterium (singular) when referring to a single organism.
genus (plural: genera) The first name of the scientific name (binomial); the taxon between family and species.
archaea Prokaryotic cells lacking peptidoglycan; one of the three domains.
normal microbiota The microorganisms that colonize a host without causing disease; also called normal flora.
gene therapy Treating a disease by replacing abnormal genes.
synthetic drug A chemotherapeutic agent that is prepared from chemicals in a laboratory.
genetic engineering Manufacturing and manipulating genetic material in vitro; also called recombinant DNA technology.
antibiotic An antimicrobial agent, usually produced naturally be a bacterium or fungus.
Koch's postulates Criteria used to determine the causative agent of infectious diseases.
immunity The body's defense against particular pathogenic microorganisms; also called specific resistance.
protozoan (plural: protozoa) Unicellular eukaryotic organisms; usually chemoheterotrophic.
germ theory of disease The principle that microorganisms cause disease.
immunology The study of a host's specific defenses to a pathogen.
helminth A parasitic roundworm or flatworm.
Created by: torch777
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