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Biology Exam #4
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| bacteria | prokaryote, peptidoglycan cell wall, cell capsule, nucleoid, flagellum, plasma membrane (gram pos and gram neg) |
| archaea | prokaryote, no peptidoglycan cell wall, genes are more similar to eukaryote |
| gram positive | a lot of peptidoglycan in the cell wall, more absorbent |
| gram negative | Two layers, less peptidoglycan, less absorbent |
| fungi | eukaryote, chitin cell wall, hyphae (strands), mycelium (a mass of hyphae that forms the body), fruiting bodies (specialized structure that produce spores) |
| obligate aerobes | needs oxygen to respire |
| obligate anaerobes | is poisoned by oxygen |
| facultative anaerobes | can do with or without oxygen to respire |
| photoautotroph | energy source: light, carbon source: CO2, prokaryotes: cyanobacteria |
| chemoautotroph | energy source: inorganic molecules, carbon source: CO2, prokaryotes: specific species |
| photoheterotroph | energy source: light, carbon source: light, prokaryotes: organic molecules |
| chemoheterotroph | energy source: light, carbon source: organic molecules, prokaryotes: organic molecules |
| microbiome | the community of microorganisms that live in and on the bodies of organisms, particularly in the gut - Play crucial roles in digestion, immunity, and health by helping break down food, producing vitamins, and protecting against harmful pathogens. |
| parenchyma | a type of plant tissue composed of living cells with thin walls found in leaves, stems, and roots. Involved in photosynthesis, storage, and tissue repair |
| collenchyma | plant tissue with living cells that have un even cell walls to provide flexible support. It is prevalent in growing parts of a plant like leaves and stems |
| sclerenchyma | tissue made of dead cells with very thick, lignified cell walls, provides rigid structural support, often found in mature parts of the plant like the hard shells of seeds and the gritty texture in pears. |
| dermal tissue | the outer layer of a cell |
| epidermis | dermal tissue, outermost layer, tightly packed cells |
| cuticle | dermal tissue, waxy covering to prevent water loss and prevent water absorption in leaves |
| stomata | dermal tissue, composed of two guard cells which open and clos to regulate gas exchange and water retention |
| trichomes | dermal tissue, protection from insects, UV, water loss, gall formation |
| ground tissue | anything other than vascular tissue |
| cortex | ground tissue, external to the vascular tissue, outermost layers |
| pith | ground tissue, middle of the stem, anything non-vascular |
| vascular tissue | transports nutrients and fluids throughout the plant body |
| xylem | transports water and minerals (root), water conducting cells, tracheid (cells separated by thin primary cell wall known as pit membrane), vessels (water flows through perforation plates, areas with no primary or secondary cell walls), dead at maturity |
| phloem | transports sugar and other macromolecules throughout the plant, alive at maturity (no nucleus), sieve tube elements (sugars , etc. move from one cell to another), |
| companion cells | help phloem, provide metabolic support to sieve-tube cells , have more mitochondria and ribosomes than average |
| apical meristem | tip of plant or shoot, where primary growth occurs |
| lateral meristem | where plant widens, secondary growth |
| ψ P | pressure potential |
| ψ S | solute potential |
| turgor pressure | the force that pushes the plasma membrane of a cell against its cell wall |
| sink | where sugar is used or stored |
| source | where sugar is made in a plant |
| rhizosphere | the microecosystem directly surrounding the root |
| rhizobia | bacteria which helps fix nitrogen in a form plants can use |
| mycorrhizal fungi | fungi that provide minerals and water to plants in exchange for sugar |
| epithelial | tissue that covers body surfaces and lines organs and cavities, acts as a barrier and aids in absorption, secretion, and protection |
| connective | tissue that supports, binds, and connects other tissues, includes bone, cartilage and fat, providing structural and supportive support |
| muscle | tissue that is responsible for movement, includes skeletal (voluntary), smooth (involuntary), and cardiac (heart) |
| nervous | tissue that transmits nerve impulses throughout the bod, enabling sensations, reflexes and communication between body parts |
| positive feedback | amplifies or encourages process (giving birth) |
| negative feedback | stops or discourages process (sweating) |
| ectotherm | relies on external sources of heat to regulate body temperature (reptiles and fish) |
| endotherm | generates heat internally to maintain a stable body temperature (mammals and birds) |
| pepsin | an enzyme in the stomach that breaks down proteins into smaller peptides. It is most active in the acidic environment of the stomach, with an optimal pH around 1.5 to 2. |
| pepsinogen | an inactive precursor to pepsin. It is secreted by chief cells in the stomach lining and converted into active pepsin when it encounters hydrochloric acid (HCl), also produced in the stomach. |
| chief cells | specialized cells located in the stomach lining that produce and secrete pepsinogen. Chief cells play a key role in initiating protein digestion. |
| parietal cells | cells found in the stomach lining that produce and release hydrochloric acid (HCl). This acid lowers the stomach pH, creating an acidic environment essential for pepsin activation and protein digestion. |
| hydrochloric acid | a strong acid secreted by parietal cells in the stomach. HCl not only activates pepsinogen into pepsin but also helps break down food and provides a barrier against pathogens ingested with food. |
| filter feeding | straining small organisms or particles from water (e.g., baleen whales and clams) |
| substrate feeding | living on or in their food source and consuming it as they go (e.g., caterpillars on leaves) |
| fluid feeding | consuming liquids like nectar, plant sap, or blood (e.g., mosquitoes and hummingbirds) |
| bulk feeding | ingesting large pieces of food, which are then broken down internally (e.g., humans, snakes) |
| closed circulatory system | blood is always contained within vessels |
| open circulatory system | hemolymph, is not contained entirely within blood vessels but is pumped into a body cavity |
| arteries | vessels that moves blood away from the heart |
| veins | vessels that moves blood away from the heart |
| atria | heart chamber that recieves blood from the body |
| ventricle | heart chamber that pumps blood to the body |
| capillaries | infiltrate tissues, thin wall, exchange glasses with tissues, arranged into networks called capillary beds |
| single circulation | circulatory system where blood passes through the heart only once during each circuit of the body, found in fish, where blood flows from the heart to the gills for oxygenation and then directly to the rest of the body |
| gills | respiratory organs found in fish and some amphibians that extract oxygen from water. Water passes over gill surfaces where oxygen is absorbed, and carbon dioxide is expelled |
| double circulation | a circulatory system where blood passes through the heart twice per circuit, creating separate pulmonary (lung) and systemic (body) circuits, found in mammals and birds, allowing more efficient oxygenation and circulation of blood |
| lungs | respiratory organs found in terrestrial vertebrates that facilitate gas exchange with the air, oxygen is absorbed into the blood, and carbon dioxide is released from the blood through alveoli (tiny air sacs) |
| tracheal system | insects, a network of tubes that delivers oxygen directly to tissues in insects, air enters through openings called spiracles and travels through tracheae, enabling efficient gas exchange without the need for a circulatory system to transport glasses |
Created by:
epmartin17
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