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AP Bio Sem 1 Review
AP Bio Sem 1 2/4 Review
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| ribosome | organelle that makes protein - vital for reproduction - found in everything |
| golgi complex | protein and lipid modification and exports products |
| lysosome | is the trash can - reuses what is thrown away |
| cell membrane | outer layer of cell - transport, protection, regulation |
| steroid/cholesterol | keeps the fluidity of the cell |
| fluid mosaic model | describes the main characteristics of the plasma membrane - glycolipid, glycoprotein, phospholipid, integral protein, peripheral protein |
| facilitated diffusion | a passive transport process that moves molecules or ions across a cell membrane with the help of specialized proteins - concentration gradient from high to low |
| Na/k pump | an enzyme that moves sodium and potassium ions across the cell membrane - the sodium is always being pumped out |
| concentration gradient | concentration gradient -way in which molecules move. high to low or low to high |
| osmotic pressure | the minimum pressure needed to prevent the flow of solvent molecules through a semipermeable membrane - essentially to stop osmosis - =-iCRT |
| water potential | = solute potential + pressure potential solute potential = -i(#of ions solute breaks into) C(molar concentration of solute) R(pressure constant = .0831)T(temp in kelvin, 273+c) Pressure is +1 in plant cells w/turgor |
| isotonic | when the cell stays the same |
| smooth ER | synthesizes lipids, make hormones/steroids, helps detoxify cell |
| cell wall | found in plant cells, for structure, protection, and shape |
| vacuole | like a huge blob that is more in plant cells, stores water, nutrients, waste - maintains turgor and regulates water balance |
| glycolipid | lipids attached to a carbohydrate on outer cell membrane - used for recognition and stability |
| passive transport | transport that requires on energy - osmosis, etc |
| endocytosis | taking of things into the cell |
| eukaryotic | cell or organism with clearly defined nucleus - membraned bound organelles |
| osmoregulation | the active regulation of the osmotic pressure of an organism's body fluids, detected by osmoreceptors, to maintain the homeostasis of the organism's water content |
| plasmolysis | the process by which a plant cell loses water and shrinks, causing the cytoplasm and plasma membrane to pull away from the cell wall - hypertonic solution |
| hypertonic | when more water on inside, so cell shrink |
| endosymbiosis | larger cell engulfing a smaller cell that had the ability to be aerobic and create the cells energy |
| rough ER | synthesize and package protein - has a bunch of ribosomes |
| mitochondria | powerhouse of the cell - creates ATP |
| chloroplast | organelle responsible for photosynthesis - sun energy into chem energy |
| glycoprotein | on the outer cell membrane - cell signaling |
| selective permeability | the ability of a membrane to control what substances can pass through it, while blocking others. |
| active transport | requires energy |
| exocytosis | expelled out of cell |
| prokaryotic | no membranes around organelles |
| osmosis | passive transport of high to low concentration to reach equilibrium |
| solute | substance being dissolved |
| hypotonic | explode |
| phospholipid | makes up cel membrane - head is hydrophilic, the tail is hydrophobic |
| solvent | the actual liquid |
| components of ribosomes? | they are made of ribosomal RNA - read mRNA to make aminoacid shains that are turned into proteins |
| why are ribosomes critical in understanding evoluntionary relationships? | they are present in all living organisms, have a highly conserved structure across different species, believed to have originated very early in the history of life, - trace evol. |
| which structures have double membranes? | nuclues, mitochondria, chloroplast - supports endosymbiotic -organelles originated from free-living prokaryotes that were engulfed by ancestral eukaryotic cells |
| organelles only found in plant cells? | chloroplasts and a large central vacuole; these are responsible for photosynthesis and storing water, respectively. Additionally, plant cells also have a cell wall which is not present in animal cells |
| organelles only in animal? | Centrioles are involved in cell division by helping to organize chromosomes, while lysosomes act as the cell's "garbage disposal" by breaking down waste materials. |
| protein prod from beging to export | dna-mrna-ribosome-amino acid-protein- ER packaged and folded-golgi modified and sent off |
| phospholipid | head is hydrophilic (likes water) - tail is hydrophobic |
| primary function of cell membrane | to act as a barrier, protecting the cell by regulating what enters and exits, essentially controlling the flow of substances in and out of the cell while maintaining a stable internal environment |
| membrane structure to selective permeability? | phospholipids |
| what can go through cell membrane? | small, nonpolar molecules to pass through easily, while larger or polar molecules require specific transport proteins |
| endocytosis move into cell | enclosed by a vesicle by plasma membranes |
| exocytosis | a cellular process where a cell releases large molecules or waste products from its cytoplasm to the outside by fusing a vesicle containing the material with the cell membrane |
| internal membranes and membrane bound organelless | creating distinct, physically separated spaces within the cell, allowing for specialized biochemical reactions to occur in each compartment, maintaining optimal conditions for each process and preventing interference from other cellular activities; |
| similarties b/w prokaryotic and eurkaryotic | being alive, having a cell membrane, having DNA, ribosomes, and the ability to divide and reproduce |
| differences b/w prokaryotic and eurkaryotic | prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles, while eukaryotic cells have a well-defined nucleus and multiple membrane-bound organelles, |
Created by:
victoria.ap106
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