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AP Bio Sem 1 1/4
For AP Bio 1 Review - Natural Selection
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Adaptation | process by which an organism becomes better suited to the environment |
| Allopatric Speciation | speciation based on geographic area - finches, turtles, squirrels |
| Bottleneck effect | genetic drift - when gene pool decreases due to natural disaster |
| Convergent evolution | when two species from different ancestors evolve to hve similar characteristics |
| Divergent evolution | two different species evolving from the same ancestor |
| Endosymbiosis | a phenomenon where one organism, called the endosymbiont, lives inside another organism, called the host - thought about with the mitochondria due to double membrane and own DNA |
| Evolution | change in population over time |
| Fitness | ability to survive and produce off-spring |
| Fossils | bones in earth - can be used to figure out points of evolution |
| Founder Effect | think incest/colonialism=less gene variation |
| Gene Pool | the available genes |
| Genetic Drift | change in allele frequency overtime, often due to chance events - leads to loss of diversity |
| Gradualism | small changes overtime, evolution being small changes overtime |
| Homologous Structures | similar anatomical features found in different species that share a common ancestor, even if these structures have different functions in each species |
| Natural Selection | the process where organisms with traits that better adapt them to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce, passing on those advantageous traits to their offspring, leading to a gradual change in the population over time; |
| Phylogeny | representation of evolutionary history depicting relationships between species |
| Punctuated Equilibrium | the ideal evolution occurs in spurts, not very small |
| Reproductive isolation | barriers that stop from isolation - geo, behavior, time, mechan |
| RNA World Hypothesis | first there was RNA on earth - that life start first with a self copying RNA- storing genetic info and catalyzing chem. reactions |
| Speciation | formation of new species |
| Sympatric Speciation | the process where a new species evolves from an ancestral species while both populations continue to inhabit the same geographic region |
| Vestigial Structures | Structures that have no apparent function and appear to be residual parts from a past ancestor |
| evolution vs. nat. selection? | evolution is change over time in a population - natural selection drives that change by favoring organisms |
| smallest unit that can evolve? | a population - populations change, not indv |
| evolutionary fitness measured? | how much offspring is produ. in comparison to others |
| how is variation created? | gene flow, mutations |
| peppered moth? explain. | peppered moths survived better because they could blend in better = more peppered moths |
| why is sexual reprod. preffered? | creates genetic variety = more ability to survive and continue the population |
| how does artificial selection impact variation in the pop.? | it will cause the allele variation to decrease = dec. variation |
| how does rate of change differ in artificial vs. nat. selection? | artificial selection is faster because it is particularyl chosen, it wont take as much time |
| gene flow vs gene drift | gene flow means more gene variation, gene drift reduces variation |
| gene flow is usually motile? | ability to move and mate |
| how do you know a pop. is evolving? | track the allele frequncies according to hardy weinberg |
| hardy weinberg equaition | p² + 2pq + q² = 1 look for the q (squared first) |
| 5 assumptions for hardy weinberg | no mutation, random mating, no gene flow, infinite population size, and no selection. |
| ways in which evolution is supported | direct obvs, homology and convergent evolution, fossil record, geographic distribution of species |
| how fossils show evolution? | provides a record of how creatures evolved and how this process can be represented by a 'tree of life', showing that all species are related to each other. |
| bird wings and bat wings are exmaples of..? | analogues structures- similar use, diff ancestor |
| functional and structural on cellular level = evidence for common ancestry? | it indicates a common fundemental mechanism |
| functional and structural on molecullar level = evidence for common ancestry? | shared dna sequences, and protein indicate a common ancestor due to it's similar use |
| outgroup? | the outlier - least similar to most present |
| rule of parsimony? | law that requires you to make the fewest possible assumptions about what is involved - simplest most likely tru |
| criteria for species? | morphological traits, ability to interbreed, molecular features, ecological factors, and evolutionary relationships |
| 4 prezygotic barriers | habitat isolation - diff places behavioral differences - time and mating ritual incompatible gametes - sperm cannot reach egg mechanical - sexual organisms literally cannot work together |
| on what cond. does divergent evolution occur? | due to selective pressures and isolation |
| when are exticntion rates @ highest? | usually during environmental change - large scale loss |
| relationship with diversity and extinction? | they are inversely related |
| molecules present on early earth? | water vapor, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, methane, and ammonia and/or nitrogen |
| molecule absent from early earth? | oxygen |
| diff between monomor and polymer | one vs. many |
| why were first cells on earth anaerobic prokaryotes? how did aerobic cells evolve? | because earth lacked oxygen - they evolved due to endosymbiosis - as successful aerobic prokaryotes evolved, evidence suggests that an ancestral cell engulfed and kept alive a free-living, aerobic prokaryote. |
| oparin and haldanye hypo? | life arose gradually from inorganic molecules, with “building blocks” like amino acids forming first and then combining to make complex polymers - lightening and stuff - primoridal soup |
| how did miller and urey test oparin and haldane? | successfully produced organic molecules like amino acids under laboratory conditions simulating the early Earth's atmosphere, providing evidence that life could have arisen from non-living matter under the conditions proposed by Oparin and Haldane |
Created by:
victoria.ap106
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