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microbio FINAL
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Methods of controlling microorganisms | sterilization, disinfection, decontamination, antisepsis |
| Sterilization agents | autoclave, sterilant, xray, gamma, liquid filtration |
| Disinfecting agents | bleach, iodine, boiling, pasteurization, uv |
| Decontamination/sanitization agents | soaps, detergents, washers |
| Antisepsis/degermation | alcohol, hand washing |
| What is sterilization | remove or destroy all including endospores |
| What is disinfection | removes vegetative pathogens |
| What is decontamination | cleansing to mechanically remove microbes |
| What is antisepsis | reduces microbes on human skin |
| Cell wall agents | chemicals, detergents, alcohol |
| Cytoplasmic membrane agents | detergents, alcohol |
| Cellular synthesis agents | formaldehyde, radiation, ethylene oxide |
| Protein cleanser agents | moist heat, alcohol, phenolics |
| Thermal death time | shortest time to kill all microbes |
| Thermal death point | lowest temp to kill all microbes in 10 mins |
| Cold and microbes | cold slows the growth of microbes |
| Desiccation | vegetative cells exposed to room temp and become dehydrated |
| Lyophilization | freezing and drying |
| Osmotic pressure | adding salt or sugar to foods to create hypertonic environment |
| Aqueous | chemical in water |
| Tinctures | chemicals in alcohol |
| How does soap work | nonpolar tail of soap attached to oil/dirt and pulls it away |
| What organisms need testing for drug susceptibility | staphylococcus species, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Enterococcus faecalis, Aerobic, gram-negative intestinal bacilli |
| Minimum inhibitory concentration | the smallest amount of drug that inhibits growth |
| Therapeutic index | ratio of the dose of dug that is toxic to humans, higher ratio is better |
| Cell wall drugs | penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems, vancomycin |
| Protein drugs | aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, clindamycin |
| Folic acid drugs | Sulfamethoxazole, Silver sulfadiazine, Trimethoprim |
| DNA/RNA drugs | Ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, levofloxacin |
| Cytoplasmic membrane drugs | Polymyxin B, Daptomycin |
| Broad spectrum example drugs | tetracycline |
| Narrow spectrum drugs | polymyxin |
| Antimalarial drugs | quinine and artemisinin |
| Antiprotozoal drugs | quinacrine, sulfonamides, tetracyclines |
| When do drug reactions occur | the second time exposed |
| Biota | all the microbes in an environment |
| Superinfection | another infection that is caused by treatment |
| Microbial antagonism | incoming microbes take over |
| True pathogens | make anyone sick |
| Oppoirtunistic | take advantage of lack of defense |
| Virulence | severity caused by microbes |
| Polymicrobial | more than one microbe |
| Exogenous | microbe from environment comes into body |
| Endogenous | organisms from inside the body cause infection |
| Phagocytes | kill microbes |
| Exoenzymes | break down tissue, made by microbes |
| Toxin | chemical made by microbe |
| Localized infection | stay on one tissue: boils, warts, fungal skin infections |
| Systemic infections | spread to several sites and tissue fluids by blood: mumps, chickenpox |
| Focal infections | spread from a local site to other tissues: periodontal to cardiovascular |
| Mixed infections | several microbes together: bites, wounds |
| Primary infections | initial infection, any infection |
| Secondary infections | second infection caused by different microbe which complicates primary: flu and pneumonia |
| Acute infection | rapid, severe, leaves quick: flu |
| Chronic infection: | progresses and persists: HIV |
| Sign | objective evidence: swollen lymph nodes |
| Symptom | subjective evidence: pain, fever |
| Latency | chronic infection, AIDS |
| Sequelae | damage to do body from infectious disease: polio, paralysis |
| Stages of infection | prodromal stage, acute phase, convalescent phase, continuation phase |
| Prodromal stage | early symptoms |
| Acute phase | height of infection, fever and specific signs |
| Convalescent period | infection is fought off and patient feels better |
| Continuation phase | infection lingers |
| Reservoir | where pathogens come from |
| Carrier | doesn't think they are sick but they are and carry it to other people |
| Communicable | can be transmitting from host to new host |
| Contagious | highly communicable |
| Noncommunicable | cannot be transmitted from person to person |
| Horizontal transmission | spreads though person to person |
| Vertical transmission | from parent to offspring |
| Healthcare-associated infections | infection from being in a healthcare facility |
Created by:
mac271
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