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Zoology exam 3

QuestionAnswer
Name and describe the two divisions of the skeletal system. The axial skeleton includes the skull, the vertebral column, ribs and sternum. The appendicular skeleton include the limbs and pectoral/pelvic girdles.
Name and describe the three sections of the hip bone. The ilium (upward in humans), the ischium (the shitter in humans) and the pubis (the forward facing one in humans)
Name the five parts of the basic vertebrate limb, in order from the attachment to the body outward, for both fore and hind. (fore/hind) humerus/femur, radius+ulna/tibia+fibula, carpals/tarsals, metacarpals/metatarsals, phalanges aka digits
What is the dentary bone? Lower jaw
What does the hyoid apparatus do? Supports the tongue
What is the pygostyle on a bird skeleton? The bone at the end of the tail
On the vertebral column, name and describe the five types of vertebrae... Cervical: neck. Thoracic: ribs attached. Lumbar: below thoracic, no ribs attached. Sacral: pelvic girdle. Caudal: tail
Name and describe the three categories of muscles. Pharyngeal/visceral/branchial: gills/trachea/jaws/tongue. Appendicular: limb muscles and attachments. Axial: trunk and back 1/2 of head.
Axial muscles can be hypaxial or epaxial-- which are dorsal and which are ventral? Hypaxial are ventral, and epaxial are dorsal.
Appendicular muscles can be abductors or adductors-- which are dorsal and which are ventral? Adductors are ventral, and abductors are dorsal.
Describe the parts of the basic digestive system in order. Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, intestine (duodenum, ilium), rectum, anus/cloaca
Name the four chambers of a shark's heart, from closest to furthest from gills. Conus arteriosus, ventricle, atrium, sinus venosus
What is a portal vein? A vein that goes between organs
How does a single circuit circulatory system work? Give an example of what species has one. It's a low pressure system in which the blood flows from the heart, to the respiratory system, to the body, and then back to the heart again. Sharks are an example.
How does a double circuit circulatory system work? Give an example of what species has one. A double circuit has two circuits: the low pressure one goes from the heart, to the respiratory system, and back to the heart. The high pressure circuit takes the oxygenated blood from the heart, to the body, and back to the heart. Mammals are an example.
Describe the difference between diapsids, synapsids and anapsids, with an example species for each. Anapsids have no extra openings on their skull, eg a turtle. Diapsids have two extra openings, eg a lizard. Synapsid's holes are fused into one, eg a mammal.
What is the difference between an Ascidian, Amphioxus, and Ammocoete? An ascidian is a tunicate larva. Amphioxus is a lancelet. An ammocoete is a lamprey larva.
Which is thicker: the notochord, or the dorsal hollow nerve cord? Which one is above the other? The notochord is thicker, and below the dhnc.
Where do the spiracles in sharks arise from? Originally derived from the first gill slit.
In a bird, which muscle is used for the downstroke of powered flight? Which is for the upstroke? The pectoralis is for the downward stroke, and the supracoracoideus is for the upward.
Name the species used in class for Urochordata, Cephalochordata, and Vertebrata. Urochordata: Molgula/tunicate/ascidian. Cephalochordata: Branchiostomata/lancelet/amphioxus. Vertebrata: Petromyzontes/lamprey/ammocoete
Name the species used in class for Chondrichthyes. Squalus acanthias (shark)
Name the species used in class for Actinopterygii. Perca flavescens (fish)
Name the species used in class for Amphibia. Rana pipiens (frog)
Name the species used in class for Aves. Columbia sp. (pigeon)
Name the "Big 5" of shared derived characteristics for Phylum Chordata, and what they're for. Notochord (locomotion), dorsal hollow nerve cord (coordination), perforate pharynx (feeding+respiration), endostyle (feeding), post-anal tail (locomotion)
Name the modifications to the Big 5 in Vertebrata. Notochord is surrounded by bone (spine). DHNC surrounded by skull and tripartite brain develops, with paired sense organs (nose, eyes, brain). Pharyngeal skeleton forms between slits of pharynx, and they can suck now! Endostyle becomes thyroid gland.
Name important features in the evolution of Tetrapoda. Dorsoventral flattening, dorsally displaced eyes and nostrils, wrists, neck, belly muscles, lungs
What is needed on body in order for powered flight to occur? An airfoil (example: flight feathers)
What function does the alula on a bird wing have? It's a sort of "thumb" on the wing, enhances lift and prevents stalling in the air.
What three things must one do to fly with bird wings? Generate lift (with an angle of attack), generate thrust (with motions of wing), and reduce drag
What is wing aspect ratio? What does a high AR look like? Low AR? Wing aspect ratio is length/width of a wing. High AR is long+narrow. Low AR is short+squat.
What is wing loading? It represents how hard an individual has to work to get into the air. Higher wing loading means more difficulty to achieve liftoff, more flapping.
Describe the 4 main wing types. Elliptical: low AR, slotted, slow and maneuverable. High Speed: high AR, tapered, fast and less maneuverable (ie swallows). Dynamic Soaring: High AR, tapered (ie albatross). Static Soaring: med AR, slotted (ie eagles)
What is the difference between a poikilotherm and a homeotherm? Poikilotherms have a variable temperature, and homeotherms have a steady temperature.
Name and describe the 3 external sources of heat / transfer modes Radiation (solar), Conduction (an object), Convection (air)
Who has a larger surface to volume ratio-- large or small animals? Smaller animals have a higher S/V
Created by: clownestate
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