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cells, prok... micro

origin of eukaryotic cells, prokaryotes activity, microscopes, intro to cells

QuestionAnswer
Robert Hooke discovered cells using a simple microscope to examine a cork, 1665
previous name for cells cellulae
Anton van Leeuwenhoek Dutch, viewed living cells, used simple microscope, 1673
what did Anton view bacteria, sperm cells, red blood cells
Matthias Schleiden 1838, botanist, concluded that all plants are composed of cells
Theodor Schwann 1839, zoologist, concluded that all animals are composed of cells
Rudolf Virchow 1855, physician, pathologist, biologits, concluded that cells are only made of other cells
theory definition an explanation for some phenomenom that is based on observation, experimentation, and reasoning, widely accepted, broader than hypothesis, generates new hypotheses, suppported by a lot of evidence
cell theory parts all living things are composed of one or more cells, cells are the basic unit of structure and function, cells come only from the reproduction of existing cells
Endosymbiosis creator Biologist Lynn Margulis
evidence of endosymbiosis they have their own membranes, they have their own DNA, they can reproduce
endosymbiosis organelles mitochondria and chloroplast
cell cell theory, the smallest living organism,
cell parts cell membrane, cytosol, ribosomes, genetic material
cell membrane a thin shell of phospholipids with embedded proteins, surrounds the cell
cytosol a thick, jelly-like fluid in which cellular components are suspended
ribosomes micro-´machine´ for producing proteins, joins amino acids t oform proteins according to instructions from genes, segments of DNA
shapes of cells spherical, rod-shaped, helical
examples of cells red blood cells, skeletal muscle cells, sperm cells
red blood cells shape biconcave dics, no nucleus
red blood cells function biconcave allows them to be flexible, exchanges gases
skeletal muscle cells shape long and cylindrical
skeletal muscle cells function contracts and shortens to use tendons attached to muscles and bones to move
sperm cells shape streamline shape and tail
sperm cell function goes to egg and fertilizes
types of cells eukaryotic and prokaryotic
eukaryotic cells contains nucleus and organelles
prokaryotic cells no organelles or nucleus, DNA in nucleoid
nucleoid stores DNA in prokaryotes, doesn´t have membrane that would make it an organelle, region containing a single circular strand of DNA, the main chromosome, not a nucleus since it is not partitioned from the rest of the cell by a membrane
spherical cocci
rod-shaped bacilli
helical spirilla
Cell theory theory explaining cells and what they are made of
theory of endosymbiosis theory that claims organelles used to be their own cells living in host cells and then came so reliant and connected to the host cell that they stopped being their own cells.
organelle any of a number of organized or specialized structures within a living cell, in eukaryotic cells, example is nucleus, separated by membrane
Ocular lense what you look through, adds 10x magnification
Body tube allows the light from the objective to pass upward to form the first magnified image, connects objectives and ocular
arm single piece of cast metal that connects the base, stage, and top(ocular lense, revolving nose piece, body tube)
revolving nose piece changes the objectives
stage the platform that supports the microscope slide to be observed
stage clips holds down the slide
low power objective lense of 10x
high power objective lense of 40x
scanning objective objective lense of 4x
objectives lenses that magnify the image, the light passes through the specimen and then the objective
condenser has a lens that focuses the light rays on the specimen
light source a bulb that projects light that travels through the light microscope
coarse adjustment the larger knob on side of the microscope, used for general focusing, only for when in scanning, move it to the top and slowly lower it to focus
fine adjustment smaller knob, used to focus even more after using coarse adjustment, used for all objectives
base the bottom, part of the one single piece of cast metal that is also the arm
diaphragm physically control how much light goes through the specimen, cover attached to the stage typically
magnification with scanning 40x
magnification with low power 100x
magnification with high power 400x
Transmission electron microscope TEM, transmits a beam of electrons through a thinly slived specimen, for looking at internal structures
Scanning electron microscope SEM, creates 3D images of the shape and surface features, specimen are sprayed with fine metal, beam of electrons is passed over the surface, used for examining surface features, metal coating emits a shower of electrons onto a photographic plate
Compound light microscope uses visible light which passes through a specimen and through glass lenses
magnification the increase of an object's apparent size
nosepiece revolving disc of objectives
micrograph a photograph of a specimen taken by a camera attached to a microscope
micrometer um, typically used for the size of cells, 1,000um in 1 mm
ultrastructure cell's ultrastructure is a cell's structures revealed by the electron microscope
how LM work the lenses refract/bend light to magnify the specimen
why are LM compound there are multiple(2) lenses that magnify the image
max magnification of LM 1,000x
max magnification of TEM 200,000x
max magnification of SEM 100,000x
TEM slides are stained with what heavy metals
Resolution the power to show details clearly in an image
resolving power higher the resolving power, the smaller the wave lengths of the electron beams
what can be used to view living cells only LM
TEM vs. SEM TEM can show internal, organelles, and is sliced while SEM is whole, outside, surface features, like flagellum
centimeter, millimeter, micrometer cm(1), mm(10), um, (10,000)
magnification vs. resolution magnification is the increase of an objects apparent size while resolution is the power to show details clearly
40 objective and ocular 400x
magnification is 500x and length is 7 cm 140 um
eukaryotes internal contains nucleus and organelles
prokaryotes internal does not contain nucleus and organelles
eukaryotes age about 2.1 billion years
prokaryotes age about 3.5 billion years
prokaryotes size 1-10 um
eukaryotes size 2-1000 um
prokaryotes cytoplasm occupies the entire cell internal to the cell membrane
eukaryotes cytoplasm located between the nucleus and cell membrane, contains organelles and cell components, suspends organelles, a liquid
prokaryotes chromosomes single, circular
eukaryotes chromosomes 1 or more linear in nucleus
kingdoms of prokaryotes eubacteria and archaebacteria
kingdoms of eukaryotes plants, protists, fungi, animals
cell/plasma membrane cells are all bounded by a thin lipid shell, phospholipid bilayer surrounding cytoplasm; gatekeeper to control the flow of materials into and out of the cell
cytoplasm inside all cells is a thick, jelly-like fluid in which cellular components are suspended
DNA deoxyribonucleic acid, has genes, chromosomes
ribosomes tiny structures that build proteins according to the instructions in mRNA copied from genes, segments of DNA
gene segments of DNA, encode for a hereditary features
cell wall a rigid layer outside cell membrane that protects and maintains cell shape, formed of peptidoglycan, a polymer of sugars and amino acids
capsule glycocalyx, outer-most covering of slime formed of polysaccharides; surrounds cell wall; protects the cell against drying or harsh chemicals; enables bacteria to cling to almost anything, including your teeth
flagella long projections that can be rotated to propel the cell
pili these tiny whiskers allow bacteria to attach to surfaces; also allows bacteria to attach to other bacteria for exchanging genetic material
plasmid small loop of DNA, independent from the main chromosome
shapes of prokaryotes spherical, rod-shaped, helical
spherical cocci
rod-shaped bacilli
helical spirilla
human chromosomes in cells 46 per cell
cell shape vs. cell function the shape of a cell allows the cells to function and do certain things, like the flexibility of red blood cells allows them to pass through the small capillaries
limits to cell size cell sizes are limited to the space around them and what shape they need to have to be able to function, like blood cells can't be too big or else they wont be able to pass through capilaries
order from cells to multicellular organisms cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, multicellular organisms
nucleus contains DNA, separated by membrane
tissue a group of cells that have similar structure and that function together as a unit
organ a part of an organism that is typically self-contained and has a specific vital function, such as the heart or liver in humans, made of tissues
organ system made of organs, performs a specific task and is part of an organism
if cell grew from 1 cm sides to 3 cm sides, volume change? 3x
four basic structures common to all cell types cell membrane, genetic material, cystosol, ribosomes
three main parts of eukaryotic cells cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus
cytoplasm vs cytosol cytoplasm is area while cytosol is the liquid
What DNA does gene expression; transcription and translation
DNA transcription making a single strand, mRNA, which is the messenger
DNA translation with the help of the ribosomes in the cytoplasm, the mRNA instructs what amino acids should be used to make protein
distortion of image using microscope upside down and reversed
moving slide to the left image to the right
diameter of scanning 4,500 um
diameter of low power 1,750 um
diameter of high power 437.5 um
Created by: swimmer5.1
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