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Biology
Biogeochemical Reactions
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Biochemical cycles | Path formed on a substance passes from the nonliving environment to the living environment Water, carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus cycles |
| Where does the nitrogen cycle take place? | The nitrogen cycle mostly takes place in the soil, plants uses nitrogen to make proteins and RNA, and DNA Some nitrogen fixing bacteria live in noodles on the roots of the plants and others live freely in soil |
| 1. nitrogen fixation 2. can nitrogen N2 be used to make any molecules? | 1. nitrogen fixing bacteria convert gaseous nitrogen into ammonia and takes it to the soil 2. no, the triple bonds between them make it very hard to break them apart |
| Where do nitrogen fixing bacteria live? what do nitrogen fixing bacteria do? | Some nitrogen fixing bacteria live in noodles on the roots of the plants and legumes, and others live freely in soil break nitrogen gas apart and add hydrogen atoms to form ammonia (NH3) or ammonium (NH4+) |
| How is atmospheric nitrogen transformed into ammonium? | Atmospheric nitrogen released into the soil is transformed into ammonium |
| What does nitrifying bacteria do | Nitrifying bacteria in the soil changes the ammonium into nitrates and nitrites |
| What does the nitrogen do | It moves through the food web and returns to the soil during decomposition |
| ammonia and ammonium | it's taken up by plants to make biological molecules like DNA, RNA and proteins, but not all the ammonias are used in fixation by plants, too much is toxic plant fertilizer |
| assimiliation | the process of ammonia and ammonium being used by plants to make biological molecules, sometimes plants prefer to assimilate other compounds called nitrates |
| Nitrification | ammonia -> nitrates done by nitrifying bacteria, add oxygen to ammonia in chemical reactions that first convert the ammonia to nitrites (NO2)-> then nitrates (NO3) happens best in soils that are well aerated |
| Nitrate | plant fertilizer, can be assimilated to make biomolecules (DNA, RNA, proteins) |
| what happens to the nitrogen at the end of the cycle | it moves to other living things through food webs, when the living things decompose they return the nitrogen to ammonia by ammonification |
| denitrification | bacteria convert nitrates into nitrogen gas happens best in low oxygen environments and reduces the fertility of the soil |
| ammonification | organisms decompose and their nitrogen becomes ammonia again |
| how does carbon enter the carbon cycle | through photosynthesis |
| Respiration | Giving off carbon dioxide |
| Combustion | Burning a fossil fuels |
| Erosion | The breakdown of limestone rock, which is made from calcium carbonate of seashells |
| what is carbon dioxide used for | Plants use carbon dioxide to make sugar can be absorbed by bodies of water and the ocean, and reacts to the water and creates carbonic acid |
| how is carbon returned to the atmosphere | Carbon is return to the atmosphere by respiration, combustion, erosion, or death and decomposition |
| where does carbon dioxide recycle through | atmosphere, terrestrial biosphere (land), earths interior, ocean, human influence |
| What forms is carbon found in the atmosphere | carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) |
| terrestrial biosphere (land) carbon paths | 1. exchange between plants and animals (plants absorb and animals release) 2. heterotrophs eat plants that contain carbon 3. animals release carbon as methane during digestion 4. soil contains decomposers that release carbon into atmosphere and soil |
| what does carbon in the lithosphere include | fossil fuels like coal, oil, natural gas, deposits like limestone, volcanoes can release some of this carbon stored in the lithosphere when they erupt |
| how does the ocean affect carbon | greatest exchange quantity of cycled carbon and stores a large amount of carbon the ocean absorbs carbon in the form of CO2 the ocean also has a large amount of plankton that absorbs CO2 for photosynthesis |
| how do humans affect the movement of carbon | 1. burn fossil fuels that release CO2 into the atmosphere 2. production of clinker which is used as cement for limestone releases carbon 3. deforestation can cause carbon in the air to increase |
| carbon reservoir | places where carbon can be found |
| lightning's role in the nitrogen cycle | breaks apart nitrogen molecules in the atmosphere, allowing them to combine with oxygen and form nitrogen into a usable form for plants |
| water cycle: what are the four major areas of water storage on earth? | Atmosphere, surface area, Aquifer and ground water |
| Where is groundwater stored? | aquifer |
| Two processes where water is converted into a vapor | Evaporation and transpiration |
| Two methods by which water on land (in lake and rivers) return returns to the oceans | Groundwater, flow, and surface rental |
| If the air contains high levels of pollutants would affect this have on water quality | as water vapor condenses, pollutant could be brought down to contaminate water quality |
| What processes above the water cycle might contribute to the addition of pollutants to rivers, lakes, and oceans | precipitation and runoff because air pollutants are most likely to be contaminated |
| Which of the processes associated with the water cycle might be responsible for helping to clean or filter the water? | absorption and transpiration by plants |
| The water cycle is a closed system. What does that say about the importance of keeping the water on Earth free from pollution? | if the water is polluted at any time during the cycle, then the whole system would be contaminated. |
| what does water is a closed system mean | no water enters from beyond the system or leaves the system |
| carbon cycle: Name two ways that carbon (usually in the form of CO2) enters the atmosphere. | combustion and respiration |
| precipitation | Rain, snow, sleet, or hail that falls from clouds to the Earth's surface. once water reaches the ground it can either evaporate back into the atmosphere, become groundwater, or runoff |
| evaporation | Vaporization that occurs at the surface of a liquid below the liquid's boiling point. turns water -> water vapor |
| condensation | water vapor cools as it rises and changes to water droplets in clouds water droplets along with various gases and dust particles come together to form clouds |
| runoff | Water that flows across the land and enters rivers and streams. It eventually flows into lakes and the ocean. |
| percolation | movement of water through soil becoming ground water |
| transpiration | The water evaporates from the leaves of plants and moves into the air. |
| phosphorus cycle | Returns phosphorous to environment. Phosphorous is a limiting factor for plant growth. |
| atmospheric gas breakdown | 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, 0.04% carbon dioxide, 0.96% other gases (mostly argon) |
| aquifer | body of saturated rock through which water can easily move |
| paths of groundwater | it could be released into the air through transpiration or it can seep into water or an aquifer |
| greenhouse gases | methane and water vapor |
Created by:
MeghnaG791
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