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SGBH Final Exam
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Recall that the "eccentricity" of a perfectly circular orbit is zero (e=0). With what eccentricity would a planet be in an open orbit? In other words. with what orbital eccentricity would a planet not repeatedly orbit the Sun? | Eccentricity greater than one (e>1) |
| Which of the following telescope resolution is the best? [HINT: 1°=60' , and 1'=60"] | 25" |
| The regions of the light spectrum, in order of highest to lowest energy, are: | Gamma Rays X Rays Ultraviolet Visible Infrared Radio |
| What determines the resolution of a telescope? | The size of the telescope The wavelength of the light being observed with the telescope |
| An electron that transitions from a higher energy state to a lower energy state _______________ | emits light |
| How might you detect that a star is rotating very rapidly? | Individual lines in its spectrum will be appear very wide |
| Scientists use the _______________ temperature scale, which sets the point where all thermal motion stops equal to a temperature of 0 | Kelvin |
| What was the first observational evidence that the geocentric model of the Solar System was wrong? | Some planets were observed to undergo retrograde motion in the sky |
| Consider a star that is emitting light with a wavelength of precisely 486.1 nm. If that star is moving toward you with a speed of 600 km/s, at what wavelength will you detect the light emitted by the star? | 485.1 nm |
| If the temperature of an object were to double, the wavelength at which it emits the most amount of radiation will __________ | be cut in half (1/2 x) |
| Consider the following diagram of a planet's orbit around a star. At which position is the planet moving the slowest? | The position farthest from the Sun |
| If the temperature of an object were to double, the total power radiated by the object will ________ | Increase by a factor of 16 (16x) |
| The figure below illustrates the electron energy levels in a certain atom. Which arrows represents an electron transition that emits violet light? [HINT: the energy of this violet light is 3 eV] | Arrow B Transitions from Stage 4- energy = 13 eV to Stage 3- energy = 12 eV |
| How might you detect that a star is in orbit around another object, such as another star or a planet? | Its observed spectrum will shift back and forth over time |
| In other words, if the planet is 2x Earth's distance from the Sun, how many years would it take for the planet to complete one orbit around the Sun? | NONE of these is correct |
| Copernicus realized that _______ is never found farther than 47 ° from the Sun in the sky. | Venus |
| Copernicus realized that _______ is never found farther than 28 ° from the Sun in the sky. | Mercury |
| How many different colored filters are required in order to measure the temperature of a star using a telescope? | Two |
| The radial patterns around the bright stars in the photo below are called diffraction spikes and are caused by _____________ | The structure of the telescope that was used |
| Chromatic aberration is the separation of colors in the light focused by what type of telescope? | Refracting |
| Which type of telescope focuses light using glass lenses? | Refracting |
| The wavelength at which a star emits the most light depends on what property of the star? | Its surface temperature |
| The color of a star is an indicator of the star's ____________ | Surface temperature |
| A star produces a absorption spectrum. Which part of the star provides the bright continuum? | The surface |
| A star produced an absorption spectrum. Which part of the star produces the dark absorption lines? | The atmosphere |
| Which star has the largest radius? | Super Giant |
| Which star represents the Sun? | Star in the middle of the main sequence, mass= 1 M |
| Which main-sequence star will have the longest lifetime? | Star at the end of the main sequence, low-mass |
| Which star is a small red star? | Low -mass star on main- sequence |
| Which is the most massive main-sequence star? | Star at the beginning of the main-sequence, high-mass |
| Which star is a burned-out white dwarf made entirely out of carbon? | Low-mass, B-A spectral class |
| At this position, the star has a Helium-burning core surrounded by a Hydrogen-burning shell. | Helium Fusion |
| At this position, the star is expanding because it has run out of Helium in its core and has built up a core of insert Carbon. | Giant Branch ("Asymptotic Giant Branch") |
| At this position, the star is a main-sequence star. | Main Sequence Star ("Core Hydrogen Burning") |
| At this position, the star is releasing its outer layers into a "planetary nebula". | Planetary Nebula |
| At this position, the star's core becomes hot enough that Helium begins to fuse. | The Red-Giant Branch |
| At this position, the star is expanding because it has run out of Hydrogen in its core and has built up a core of insert Helium. | The Subgiant Branch ("Hydrogen Shell Burning") |
| What does it mean to say that the Sun is in "equilibrium"? | The inward force of gravity id balanced by the outward force if radiation pressure |
| what two properties of the Sun are responsible for producing Sunspots? | Differential Rotation and Magnetic Fields |
| What is the fuel that powers the Sun? | Protons and Hydrogen |
| This increase and decrease in solar activity happens roughly every _____ years. | 11 |
| White Dwarf stars are composed primarily of ________ | Carbon |
| Why is iron (Fe) the most stable element in the known Universe? (in other words, why does iron not undergo fusion or fission as a nuclear fuel?) | Iron has the least mass per nuclear particle |
| All main-sequence stars that are more luminous than the Sun _________ | Fuse hydrogen into helium more rapidly than the Sun does |
| What event triggers a star to evolve past the main-sequence stage of its life? | The core of the star turns into helium |
| When the Sun became a protostar, during its pre-main-sequence evolution, its size was roughly _______ its current size. | 100 times |
| What is the difference between a protostar and a star? | A star is powered by nuclear fusion in its core |
| Which of the following is a major difference between a Type I Supernova and a Type II Supernova? | The spectrum of a Type II Supernova shows the presence of a lot of hydrogen, while that of Type I Supernova does not |
| Red Supergiant stars are among the _______ stars. | Largest and most luminous |
| The Sun's convection zone is responsible for which of the Sun's characteristics? | Its granulated surface |
| Consider a star with a luminosity of: L= 100 L How would its luminosity change if its radius were to double? | Its luminosity would increase to: L= 400 L |
| Consider a star with a luminosity of: L= 100 L How would its luminosity change the distance between Earth and the star were to double? | Its luminosity would remain: L= 100 L |
| Our solar system contains some heavy elements, such as iron, because __________. | Earlier generations of stars in our galaxy produce heavy elements while exploding |
| Is the following statement true or false? "The Sun's magnetic activity cycle affects Earth's temperature." | True |
| What is the primary factor that has contributed to the overall rapid increase in Earth's temperature over the past 100 years? | The amount of greenhouse gasses in Earth's atmosphere |
| When the Sun was born, it had enough fuel to power itself as a main-sequence star for approximately ________ years. | 10 Billion |
| The Sun is currently approximately __________ years old. | 5 Billion |
| Which statement best describes the formation of this planetary nebula? | A low-mass binary star system expelled it |
| How will the Sun die? | It will expel a planetary nebula and leave a small white dwarf behind |
| In Albert Einstein's famous equation E= mc^2, what does the c stand for? | The speed of light |
| The rate at which the Sun is emitting energy from its surface as light is equal to... | The rate at which the Sun is generating energy in its core |
| A star with a mass of 5 times that of our Sun will last approximately _________ years as a main sequence star. | 100 Million |
| The rate at which a star ages depends primarily on the star's ________. | Mass |
| Very young star clusters contain more _______ than very old star clusters do. | Blue stars |
| Consider Star 5 and Star 7 on the H-R diagram shown below. Assume they are born at the same time in a close binary star system. Which of the stars will evolve into a red giant first? | Star 5 |
| A high-mass star explodes as a supernova. The star's mass, before exploding, was 20 times the mass of the Sun, but 2 Solar masses of the star's core remains after the supernova and becomes a ________. | Neutron Star |
| A neutron star's strong gravity is caused mostly by its small size and _______ | Large mass |
| Globular clusters are found mainly _______ | In the Galactic halo |
| In the Milky Way Galaxy, our Sun is located ________ | About halfway out from the center |
| Astronomers classify different types of Elliptical Galaxies by __________ | How flattened they are |
| We calculated in class that the escape speed from Earth is 11 km/s. What would be the escape speed from a planet the same size as Earth, but 4 times as massive as Earth? | 22 km/s |
| A black hole with a mass of 4 Solar masses would have a Schwarzschild radius of _________. | About 12 km |
| Consider a star in a circular orbit around a supermassive black hole at the center of a distant galaxy. If the distance from the central black hole to the star is 1,000 AU and the star orbits once every 10 years, what is the mass of the black hole? | 10 million solar masses |
| Where in a galaxy would you find newly formed stars? | In the disk of a spiral galaxy |
| How did the galaxy get its unusual shape? | This is the product of the dynamic merger of two spiral galaxies |
| A very large , perfectly spherical collection of stars would be classified as a _______ galaxy. | E0 |
| Which of the following represents Newton's modification to Kepler's 3rd law? | P^2=a^3/M, where M is the mass (of the Sun + planet) measured in Solar Masses |
| By knowing the strength of an object's surface gravity you can determine __________ | How much you would weight if you could stand on the object How fast the object can spin before breaking apart The speed required to escape the object's gravity |
| We know that a supermassive black hole must reside at the center of our Galaxy because __________ | Stars near the center of the Milky Way are orbiting some unseen object |
| Henrietta Leavitt's work on ________ gave astronomers like Edwin Hubble a vital tool for measuring the distance to other galaxies. | Cepheid variable stars |
| Why are black holes called black holes? | They are called black holes because their gravity prevents any form of radiation or light from escaping them |
| How can you measure the mass of a planet like Jupiter? | By studying the orbit of Jupiter's moons |
| Which statement best describes a pulsar? | A pulsar is a neutron star, with an intense beam of radiation that flashes toward Earth each time the neutron star spins around |
| Consider how the gravitation force depends on the distance between the objects. For example, tripling the distance (r) between two objects will cause the gravitational force between them to ________ | Become 9 times weaker |
| The Andromeda Galaxy is a nearby, large, spiral galaxy. The Andromeda Galaxy was originally thought to be ________. | Much closer and smaller - a nebula in our own Galaxy |
| What is the luminosity of the star? | 100 L |
| The Cepheid variable star labeled with a red star on the diagram below is expected to pulse once every ________ days. | 5 days |
| Black holes are often discovered by seeing normal stars orbiting around the unseen black holes. Suppose you find a star in an orbit around an unseen object (black hole). P= 5 years a= 1,000 AU Determine the mass of the black hole. | 40,000,000 M |
| The dwarf planet Pluto is about 6 times smaller than Earth and is about 450 times less massive than Earth. If an astronaut weighs 160 pounds on Earth, about how much would they weigh on Pluto? | 36 pounds |
| Neutron stars can spin hundreds of times per second without breaking apart. Why is that? | They have a very strong magnetic field They have a high surface temperature They have a very high surface gravity |
| A stellar black hole has a mass of 12 times the mass of the Sun. What is the radius of the black hole's event horizon? | 36 km |
| Who discovered the period-luminosity relation for Cepheid variable stars. | Henrietta Swan Leavitt |
| Who discovered the first pulsar? | Jocelyn Bell Burnell |
| What does Hubble's turning fork diagram classify? | Galaxies based on their shape |
| What is a neutron star? | The remnant of a massive star after a supernova |
Created by:
Ava.owens19
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