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Enzymes 2
Induced fit model, temperature, ph, denaturation, bioprocessing
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Temperature at 0 degrees | No enzyme activity |
| Temperature at 20 - 30 degrees | Increasing temperature gives enzyme and substrate more energy. They collide more often and form more product |
| Optimum temperature for plant enzymes | 20-30 degrees |
| Optimum temperature for human enzymes (body temp) | 37 degrees |
| Temp at which enzyme work slows down | Above 37 degrees |
| Denaturation | A denatured enzyme has lost its shape and can no longer function |
| Causes of enzyme denaturation | Extreme temperature or pH |
| pH most enzymes work best at | pH 6-8 |
| Optimum pH for most human enzymes | 7 |
| Optimum definition | Describes the condition at which the enzyme works best |
| What does catalase break down? | Hydrogen peroxide TO hydrogen and oxygen (H202) |
| Where is catalase found? | Liver (meat) and celery |
| Optimum pH for catalase | pH 9 |
| Bioprocessing | The process of using living organisms or their products to produce useful substances |
| What happens to enzymes before they’re used in bioprocessing? | They’re immobilised |
| Bioreactor | A vessel in which useful products are made by organisms or their enzymes |
| Examples of products made in bioreactors | Yoghurt Beer Antibiotics Vitamins |
| Advantage of batch process | Easier process to control Suitable when a small amount of product is needed at certain times of the year e.g flu vaccine |
| Disadvantage of batch processing | Bioreactor must be stopped and sterilised for each use |
| Batch process steps | Enzymes + reactants are added Bioreactor stopped Product is removed |
| Advantage of continuous processing | No period of shut down, product can be continuously made. Enzymes make product very fast and in large amounts. |
| Disadvantage of continuous processing | More difficult process to control |
| Continuous process steps | Enzymes + reactants are continuously added. Product is continuously removed. |
| What is an immobilised enzyme? | An enzyme which is fixed or trapped to each other, or in an inert substance. These enzymes can be reused |
| Methods of immobilisation | Entrapment (in a gel) Attached to insoluble support e.g glass beads |
| Advantages of immobilised enzymes | Can be reused - less expensive, cheaper, economical Enzymes are more stable - less likely to denature, longer use Product is purer |
| Applications of immobilised enzymes | To make lactose free milk To make alcohol i.e yeast To convert glucose to fructose Used in biological washing powder |
Created by:
EObrienHart
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