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Photosynthesis
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are light wavelengths measured in? | Quanta: moles of light/m2/s |
| What is photosynthesis? | A metabolic process by which plants absorb solar radiation/light and turn it into chemical energy |
| What are the 2 main reactions? What are their end products? | Light Reaction- NADPH and ATP Dark Reaction- CH2O (needed by all life) |
| What wavelengths of light are most effectively absorbed by chlorophyll a, b, and carotenoids? | Chlorophyll a- 430 nm (blue) and 662 nm (red) Chlorophyll b- 453 nm (blue) and 642 nm (red) Carotenoids- 400 nm (blue) and 550 nm (red) Wavelengths btwn 400-700 nm, used by plants |
| Where does the light reaction occur? | On the thylakoid membranes |
| Where does the dark reaction occur? | On the stroma lamellae |
| What wavelength is longer with less energy? | Red |
| What wavelength is shorter with high energy? | Blue, lost as heat |
| What is the central part of chlorophylls? | Mg |
| What secondary metabolite assists in light absorption and protects chlorophylls from light damage? | Carotenoids |
| What assists bacteriochlorophyll in light absorption? | Bilin Pigments |
| What is a Bilin pigment that occurs in red algae and cyanobacteria? | Phycoerythrobilin |
| Start of light reaction with P680 as the center | PSII |
| Produces NADPH in light reaction with P700 as the center | PSI |
| What is the ETC, what does it do in the light reaction? | ETC is a chain of molecules on the thylakoid membrane responsible for moving excited e- in order for photosynthesis to occur |
| What is the primary function of photolysis of water? | Provides e- to replace those lost by PSII and releases O2 as a byproduct |
| What are the injury symptoms of light reaction inhibitor herbicides? | Chlorosis, necrosis, bronzing, lesions, distortion/malformation, stunting |
| What are some AI's that inhibit PSII? | amide- propanil nitriles- bromoxynil triazine- atrazine uracil- bromacil urea- diuon |
| What are some AI's that inhibit PSI? | bipyridylium- diquat and paraquat |
| What is the most abundant protein in the world? | RuBisCO- ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase |
| What defense do plants have against photo-oxidation? | light harvesting pigments are able to expel excess energy as heat |
| What can form if there is to much photon energy? | Super oxides, highly reactive O2 species: O2, H2O2, HO --> free radicals which destroy other compounds |
| What is photoinhibition? | When photosynthesis is stoped |
| What are the stages of the C3 cycle/ Calvin Cycle? | 1) Carboxylation of CO2 RuBP present and CO2 + H2O input 2) Reduction to 2(3-PGA) 3) Regeneration of CO2 starch and sucrose output |
| What is the fates of 3-PGA? Where do they end up? | Reduced to G3P- Calvin Cycle, Sucrose- Cytosol, and Starch- Chloroplast |
| What does oxygenation cause? | Photorespiration |
| What does RuBisCO require to activate? | CO2 + Mg |
| What are 85% of plants? | C3 ex. wheat rice |
| What is photorespiration? | the release of CO2 only occurs in C3 plants which limits the efficiency of the plant due to using energy, ATP, and NADPH |
| What are the reactions of photorespiration? | Chloroplast rxn- O2 --> 3-PGA + 2-phosphoglycolate (converted to glycolate then exported) Peroxisome rxn- glycolate converted to glyoxylate (converted to glycine then exported) Mitochondria rxn- glycine --> serine, generates NADH + NH3 |
| Larger plants with vigorous growth potential are? | C4 ex. corn, millet, cassava |
| In C4 plants where does initial CO2 fixation occur and when? | mesophyll cells during daytime |
| In C4 plants where does the Calvin Cycle occur and when? | bundle sheath cells, during daytime |
| In all plants when does the calvin cycle occur? | during daytime |
| What is PAR (photosynthetic active radiation)? | The photosynthetic photon flux density expressed as a quanta quantum measurement |
| During daytime in what plants is the stoma closed? | CAM plants |
| What plants preform best 20-25 C? | C3 |
| What plants preform best at 10-40 C? | C4 |
| What is the phloem composed of? | sieve plate pores, companion cells, and a cell wall |
| What are companion cells? | cells that transfer materials to phloem sieve elements contain: chloroplasts, and plasmodesmata |
| What are the modified companion cells? | Transfer Cells- have many wall ingrowths increase efficiently of material transport by accommodating for more transport proteins Intermediary Cells- contain many branched plasmodesmata for very efficient symplastic movement |
| What are sources of sugar in plants? | An exporting organ capable of producing photosynthate ex. leaves |
| What are sinks of sugar in plants? | Any non-photosynthetic organ ex. roots, developing fruits and leaves |
| What materials are shipped through the phloem? | Sugars (carbs, sucrose, D-mannitol, ect.) amino acids amides ureides organic acids proteins K+ Cl- Phosphate |
| What materials aren't shipped through the phloem? | reducing sugars aldehyde and ketone groups |
| For C4 plants name: CO2 fixation production CO2 fixing enzyme Area of Calvin Cycle Leaf Anatomy Optimum Temp | OAA, malate PEP carboxylase Bundle Sheath Kranz 30-45C |
| For C3 plants name: CO2 fixation production CO2 fixing enzyme Area of Calvin Cycle Leaf Anatomy Optimum Temp | Phosphoglycerate RuBisCO Mesophyll Cells Layered 10-25C |
| For CAM plants name: Carbon acceptor First formed carbon compound When C4 cycle occurs + enzyme catalyzed When C3 cylce occurs + enzyme catalyzed | PEP OAA Night, PEP Day, RuBisCO |
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