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Anatomy week 6-12
Jenifer Mackie-Cifuni Anatomy week 6-12
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The _____ of a neuron is a single process that usually extends from a tapered portion of the cell body. dendrite neurofibril axon Nissl body | axon |
| Excitable cells that conduct the impulses are called glia cells. neurons. astrocytes. Schwann cells | Neurons |
| Chemical signals diffuse between neurons at this location. synapse axon terminal axon cell body dendrite | Synapse |
| The _____ nervous system is a complex network of nerve pathways embedded in the intestinal wall with a network of integrators and feedback loops that can act somewhat independently. somatic enteric sensory motor | enteric |
| Bundles of myelinated fibers make up the: gray matter of the nervous system. ganglia. white matter of the nervous system. motor nerves. | white matter of the nervous system. |
| This is the site of communication between neurons. synapse axon terminal axon cell body dendrite | synapses |
| The structural and functional center of the entire nervous system is the _____ nervous system. peripheral autonomic afferent central | central |
| Nerves that originate from the brain are called _____ nerves. cranial peripheral afferent spinal | Cranial |
| What term describes the bundles of nerve fibers within the central nervous system? fascicles tracts perineurium synapse | tracts |
| Which of these glia cells are located in the peripheral nervous system? astrocytes ependymal cells oligodendrocytes Schwann cells microglia | Schwann cells |
| A signal conduction route to and from the central nervous system is a(n) reflex arc. afferent pathway. efferent pathway. feedback loop. | Reflex arc |
| Neurons have complete regeneration capacity. no regeneration capacity. very limited capacity to repair themselves. none of the above | very limited capacity to repair themselves |
| What structure of the Schwann cell is essential to normal nerve growth and the regeneration of injured nerve fibers? myelin sheath node of Ranvier neurilemma telodendria | neurilemma |
| The efferent pathways of the autonomic nervous system can be divided into the __________ divisions. parasympathetic and sympathetic parasympathetic and autonomic sympathetic and autonomic visceral sensory and somatic sensory | parasympathetic and sympathetic |
| This tends to be the longest cytoplasmic projection from a neuron. synapse axon terminal axon cell body dendrite | axon |
| The glia cells that help form the blood-brain barrier are the astrocytes. microglia. oligodendrocytes. ependymal cells. | astrocytes |
| The ________ of a presynaptic neuron associates with the dendrite of a postsynaptic neuron. synapse axon terminal axon cell body dendrite | axon terminal |
| Which of the following is not a structural classification of neurons? bipolar unipolar multipolar Polar | polar |
| These regions of the neuron direct electrical currents toward the cell body. synapse axon terminal axon cell body dendrite | dendrite |
| The somatic nervous system carries information to the brain. visceral effectors. skeletal muscles. autonomic effectors. | Skeletal muscles |
| The nervous system can be divided: according to its structure. according to direction of information flow. by control of effectors. in all of the above ways. | in all of the above ways. |
| Which of the following is not a function of the central nervous system (CNS)? Integrating sensory information Evaluating the information Initiating an outgoing response All of the above are functions of the CNS. | All of the above are functions of the CNS. |
| Which is true of a reflex arc? doesnt involve the brain consists of afferent and efferent neuron consists of an afferent neuron, an efferent neuron, and an interneuron consists of an afferent neuron, an efferent neuron, the brain, and the spinal c | consists of afferent and efferent neuron |
| Nerves that contain mostly afferent fibers are called _____ nerves. sensory motor mixed Schwann | Sensory |
| The autonomic nervous system does not stimulate: skeletal muscles. smooth muscles. glands. cardiac muscle. | skeletal muscles |
| Fascicles are held together by a connective tissue layer called the: endoneurium. perineurium. macroneurium. epineurium. | perineurium |
| The afferent pathways of the autonomic nervous system: stimulate the fight-or-flight response. maintain normal resting activity. carry feedback information to integrating centers in the brain. do both A and B. | carry feedback information to integrating centers in the brain |
| Astrocytes attach to: neurons. oligodendrocytes. blood vessels. both A and C. | Both a and c |
| Dendrites conduct impulses _____ cell bodies. toward away from within None of the above is correct. | toward |
| Along a neuron, the correct pathway for impulse conduction is: dendrite, axon, cell body, and receptor. dendrite, cell body, and axon. axon, cell body, and dendrite. receptor, axon, and cell body. | dendrite, cell body, and axon. |
| Which of the following compounds cannot cross the blood-brain barrier? Water Carbon dioxide Glucose Dopamine | dopamine |
| The efferent pathways of the autonomic nervous system consist of the ________ nervous systems. peripheral and afferent sympathetic and parasympathetic sympathetic and efferent parasympathetic and somatic | sympathetic and parasympathetic |
| One of the components of the blood-brain barrier is: astrocytes. neurons. myelin. oligodendrocytes. | Astrocytes |
| Which of the following is the deepest connective tissue layer of a nerve? Endoneurium Perineurium Epineurium Fascicle | Endoneurium |
| Most unipolar neurons are usually: motor neurons. neurons of the parasympathetic nervous system. sensory neurons. neurons of the sympathetic nervous system. | Sensory neurons |
| A neuron that transmits a nerve impulse toward the central nervous system is called a(n): motor neuron. sensory neuron. interneuron. bipolar neuron. | Sensory neuron |
| Small distinct regions of gray matter in the CNS are called: nuclei. tracts. ganglia. axons. | nuclei |
| Gray matter in the brain and spinal cord consists primarily of: nerve fibers. neuroglia. axons. cell bodies. | Cell bodies |
| Which is not true of the myelin sheath? It is associated with white fibers in the brain. It is important for nerve impulse conduction. It covers cell bodies in the brain and spinal cord. It is destroyed in those with multiple sclerosis. | It covers cell bodies in the brain and spinal cord. |
| Regeneration of nerve fibers will take place only if the cell body is intact and the fibers have: nodes of Ranvier. a neurilemma. a myelin sheath. neurofibrils. | a neurilemma |
| In the human nervous system: most of the cells are neurons. most of the cells are glia cells. there are almost equal numbers of glia cells and neurons. the ratio of cells is unknown because of the complexity of the nervous system. | there are almost equal numbers of glia cells and neurons. |
| Interneurons reside in the: CNS and peripheral nervous system (PNS). ! CNS only. PNS only. None of the above is correct. | CNS only |
| Multipolar neurons have: multiple axons and multiple dendrites. multiple axons and one dendrite. multiple dendrites and one axon. one dendrite and one axon. | multiple dendrites and one axon. |
| The nervous system is organized to do which of the following? Detect changes in the external environment. Detect changes in the internal environment. Evaluate changes in the environment. All of the above are true. | all of the above are true |
| The largest and most numerous types of neuroglia are the: astrocytes. microglia. ependymal cells. oligodendrocytes. | Astrocytes |
| The part of the nervous system that transmits impulses from the CNS to the skeletal muscle is the: somatic nervous system. autonomic nervous system. central nervous system. afferent division. | somatic nervous system. |
| Neurons in the CNS have less chance of regenerating for all of the following reasons except: no neurolemma in cells of the CNS. astrocytes fill in the path of regrowth. microglia lay down scar tissue. All of the above | microglia lay down scar tissue. |
| The white matter of the nervous system is made up of: myelinated fibers. nuclei. unmyelinated fibers. ganglia. | Myelinated fibers |
| A neuron that has only one axon but several dendrites is classified as a _____ neuron. multipolar bipolar unipolar multidendritic | Multipolar |
| The nervous system can be divided: according to its structure. according to direction of information flow. by control of effectors. in all of the above ways. | All of the above |
| The lower end of the spinal cord, with its attached spinal nerve roots, gives the appearance of a horse’s tail called the conus medullaris. gray commissure. cauda equina. filum terminale. | cauda equina. |
| The enteric nervous system is made up of a complex network of nerve plexuses that control the visceral effectors in the intestinal wall. urinary bladder. thoracic cavity. skeletal muscles. | intestinal wall |
| The dorsal root of each spinal nerve is easily recognized as a swelling called the dorsal cavity. dorsal root ganglion. dorsal root plexus. ventral root ganglion. | dorsal root ganglion |
| Formation of the cerebrospinal fluid occurs in the ventricles. meninges. choroid plexus. solar plexus. | choroid plexus |
| A subdivision of the nervous system that regulates involuntary effectors is the _____ nervous system. somatic peripheral central autonomic | Autonomic |
| The two efferent divisions of the autonomic nervous system are the somatic and sensory divisions. sympathetic and somatic divisions. sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions. peripheral and central divisions. | sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions |
| Dendrites &cell bodies of sympathetic preganglionic neurons are located in the brain stem&sacral portion of the spinal cord. sympathetic ganglia gray matter of thoracic and upper lumbar segments of spinal cord. ganglia close to the effectors. | gray matter of the thoracic and upper lumbar segments of the spinal cord. |
| The large fluid-filled spaces within the brain are called the meninges. sulci. gyri. ventricles. | Ventricles |
| Spinal cord tracts provide conduction paths to and from the brain. The tracts that conduct sensory impulses down the cord from the brain are called _____ tracts. ascending descending lateral spinothalamic spinocerebellar | descending |
| How many pairs of spinal nerves are connected to the spinal cord? 23 13 31 32 | 31 |
| The ventral rami of most spinal nerves subdivide to form complex networks called ganglia. rami. plexuses. dermatomes. | Plexuses |
| The three divisions of the brain that make up the brainstem are the medulla oblongata, thalamus, and pons. medulla oblongata, thalamus, and midbrain. medulla oblongata, midbrain, and pons. medulla oblongata, pons, and cerebellum. | medulla oblongata, midbrain, and pons. |
| If you trace the axon inside the sympathetic chain ganglion, the preganglionic fiber branches along which pathway? | synapses with a sympathetic postganglionic neuron sends ascending or descending branches through the sympathetic trunk to synapse with postganglionic neurons in other chain ganglia passes thru 1 or more ganglia without synapsing *all of the above* |
| Individual nerves that emerge from the _____ plexus innervate the lower part of the shoulder and the entire arm. lumbar sacral brachial coccygeal | Brachial |
| The inner protective covering of the brain is called the cranium. meninges. cerebrospinal fluid. compact bone. | Meninges |
| Which plexus contains nerves that innervate the lower part of the shoulder and the entire arm? Brachial Cervical Lumbar Sacral | brachial |
| Which part of the brain releases the hormone melatonin? Hypothalamus Thalamus Pineal gland Cerebellum | pineal gland |
| All cell bodies of the autonomic nervous system are located within the CNS. True False | false |
| The cranial nerve that arises from the spinal cord is the: abducens. accessory. glossopharyngeal. vagus. | Accessory |
| Cerebrospinal fluid circulates through the ventricles, into the central canal, and _____, and is absorbed back into the blood. subarachnoid space choroid plexuses spinal cord intraventricular foramen | Subarachnoid space |
| The sensory cranial nerves include only the: optic, vestibulocochlear, and vagus. olfactory, optic, and facial. olfactory, optic, and vestibulocochlear. optic, facial, and vestibulocochlear. | olfactory, optic, and vestibulocochlear |
| There are _____ ventricles in the brain. two three four five | Four |
| Nerve fibers of the spinothalamic tract are: sensory. motor. descending. none of the above. | Sensory |
| The peripheral nervous system includes: only spinal nerves. only spinal nerves and their branches. only cranial nerves, spinal nerves, and their branches. cranial nerves, the spinal cord, spinal nerves, and their branches. | only cranial nerves, spinal nerves, and their branches |
| Beta receptors: are cholinergic. bind acetylcholine. bind norepinephrine. bind the toxin muscarine. | Bind norepinephrine |
| Small branches from the cervical plexus join which two cranial nerves? Vagus and hypoglossal Vagus and accessory Hypoglossal and accessory Glossopharyngeal and hypoglossal | Hypoglossal and accessory |
| Which is not true? 1.The spinal cord does not completely fill the spinal cavity. 2.The spinal cord extends from the foramen magnum to the first lumbar vertebra 3.One bundle of nerve fibers (nerve roots) projects from each side of the spinal cord. 4 > | 4. The spinal cord has anterior and posterior grooves that almost divide the cord into symmetrical halves. ANSWER: One bundle of nerve fibers (nerve roots) projects from each side of the spinal cord. |
| The spinal tract is located on the side of the cord, originates in the brain, and terminates in the spinal cord in the _____ tract. lateral corticospinal ventral spinothalamic dorsal corticospinal lateral spinothalamic | lateral corticospinal |
| The cervical plexus: is found deep in the neck. is formed by the ventral rami of the first four cervical nerves and part of C5. includes the phrenic nerve. All of the above are correct. | All of the above |
| The autonomic nervous system includes only efferent neurons. True False | false |
| Some parasympathetic postganglionic neurons have their cell bodies in nuclei in the brainstem. True False | False |
| The innermost layer of the meninges is the: pia mater. arachnoid membrane. dura mater. None of the above is correct. | Pia mater |
| Parasympathetic neuron cell bodies are located in: white columns of the sacral segments of the spinal cord lateral gray columns of thoracic segments of the spinal cord nuclei of brainstem and lateral gray columns of sacral cord. collateral ganglia | nuclei of the brainstem and the lateral gray columns of the sacral cord. |
| The brain has _____ major divisions. three five six eight | Six |
| Several “vital centers” are located in the: basal ganglia. cerebrum. cerebellum. medulla. | Medulla |
| Which of the following is not a plexus of the spinal nerves? Cervical Brachial Lumbar Thoracic | Thoracic |
| All of the following cranial nerves have a functional classification of motor except: oculomotor. trochlear. vestibulocochlear. accessory. | Vestibulocochlear |
| All are characteristics of sympathetic preganglionic neurons except: they secrete acetylcholine. they have long fibers from CNS to ganglion dendrites&cell bodies are found in lateral gray columns of thoracic&first four lumbar segments of spinal cord | they have long fibers from CNS to ganglion |
| The part(s) of the cerebrum associated with anger, fear, and sorrow is (are) the: limbic system. corpus callosum. temporal lobes. caudate nucleus. | Limbic system |
| Spinal nerves are _____ fibers. only sensory only motor completely autonomic motor and sensory | Motor and sensory |
| The lumbar plexus gives rise to the _____ nerve. median phrenic femoral None of the above is correct. | Femoral |
| The spinal ganglion can be found on the _____ of the spinal nerve. dorsal nerve root dorsal ramus ventral nerve root ventral ramus | Dorsal nerve root |
| Which of the following is not true of the lateral corticospinal tract fibers? Most decussate. Most inhibit the lower motor neuron. They are referred to as pyramidal pathways. They originate in the cerebral cortex. | Most inhibit the lower motor neuron |
| The main divisions of the central nervous system are the: brain, spinal cord, and autonomic nerves. brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves. brain and spinal cord. sensory division and motor division. | Brain and spinal cord |
| The phrenic nerve is found in the _____ plexus. cervical brachial lumbar sacral | Cervical |
| In the diagram above, following the sensation of touch from the skin up the spinal cord to the brain, what is the final destination (blue area) called? Primary somatosensory cortex Thalamus Medulla oblongata Decussation of medial lemniscus | Primary somatosensory cortex |
| Which of the following areas has the highest concentration of cones? the ora serrata retinae the optic disc the macula lutea the fovea centralis | the fovea centralis |
| Melanin-containing layer of the eye's vascular tunic. cornea lens choroid ciliary body sclera | Choroid |
| Hormone that inhibits osteoclast activity in children. calcitonin thyroxine oxytocin parathyroid hormone catecholamines | Calcitonin |
| Which of the following is not part of the flow of taste sensation along the gustatory pathway to the cerebral cortex? hypothalamic appetite centers vagus nerve solitary nucleus of the medulla oblongata thalamic nuclei | hypothalamic appetite centers |
| Pancreatic cell type that produces insulin. beta cells PP cells delta cells gamma cells alpha cells | beta cells |
| Region of the adrenal cortex that secretes DHEA. zona fasiculata zona glomerulosa zona reticularis tuber cinerum chrommafin cells | zona reticularis |
| Largest purely endocrine gland in the body. hypophysis adrenal gland thymus gland thyroid gland pancreas | thyroid gland |
| Endocrine gland of the thorax that is also important in immune function. pineal gland neurohypophysis thymus gland parathyroid gland adneohypophysis | thymus gland |
| Which endocrine gland stores enough of its hormone extracellularly to last several months? the thyroid the pancreas the ovary the pituitary | thyroid |
| Region of the hypophysis that contains secretory endocrine cells derived from the oral ectoderm. infundibulum pars tuberalis adenohypophysis tuber cinerum neurohypophysis | adenohypophysis |
| Which of the following endocrine glands develops primarily from the endoderm of the pharynx? pineal anterior and posterior lobes of the pituitary adrenal medulla thyroid and parathyroids | thyroid and parathyroids |
| Which of the following minerals is essential for the formation of thyroid hormone? calcium iron copper iodine | iodine |
| Pyramid-shaped gland consisting of neural crest-derived cells and endocrine secretory cells. thyroid gland gonadal cells of the ovaries/testes thymus gland pancreas adrenal gland | adrenal gland |
| Fluid filling the posterior segment of the eye. serous fluid endolymph synovial fluid aqueous humor vitreous humor | vitreous humor |
| Gel-like structure embedded with the tips of cochlear hair cells. basilar membrane tectorial membrane scala vestibule scala tympani tympanic membrane | tectorial membrane |
| The basilar membrane supports the spiral lamina. spiral ganglion. spiral organ. modiolus. bony labyrinth. | Spiral organ |
| Bony labyrinth structure containing the utricle and saccule. vestibule macula densa macula lutea scala vestibule ora serrate | vestibule |
| Transparent mucous membrane covering the inner surface of the eyelid. tarsal glands lacrimal caruncle lacrimal apparatus palpebrae conjunctiva | conjunctiva |
| Class of hormones secreted during chronic stress that depress immune function. androgens gonadotrophins mineralocorticoids amino acid-based hormones glucocorticoids | glucocorticoids |
| Gustatory cells are located in all of the following areas except on the posterior wall of the pharynx. on the fungiform papillae of the anterior tongue on the apical surface of vallate papillae on the tongue. on inner surface of the cheeks | on the apical surface of vallate papillae on the tongue |
| Endolymph-filled structure containing receptors for hearing. saccule vestibule semicircular canals cochlear duct utricle | cochlear duct |
| Membrane attached to the stapes. tectorial membrane oval window pharyngotympanic tympanic membrane round window | oval window |
| Which statement does not correctly describe the spiral organ of Corti? 1.The "hairs" of the receptor cells are embedded in the tectorial membrane. 2.tectorial membrane bends with vibrations, whereas the basilar membrane is rigid&fixed. Continued… | 3. High-frequency sounds stimulate hair cells at the basal end of the basilar membrane. 4. spiral organ is part of the cochlear duct, which equals the scala media ******#2***** |
| The hypophyseal portal veins are primarily located in the infundibulum. pars intermedia. tuber cinereum. pars nervosa. | infundibulum |
| The nerve carrying taste information from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue is the olfactory. hypoglossal. facial. glossopharyngeal. | Facial |
| The hormone produced by the heart increases the excretion of sodium in the urine. increases calcium levels in the blood. is secreted in response to low blood volumes. decreases urine output. | increases the excretion of sodium in the urine |
| Endolymph is made from perilymph. in the scala vestibuli. in the stria vascularis. from the dura mater. | In the stria vascularis |
| Transparent structure of the eye containing regularly aligned collagen fibers. choroid ciliary body sclera cornea lens | cornea |
| Receptors for hearing are located in the semicircular canals. cochlear duct. tympanic membrane. middle ear. | Cochlear duct |
| The anatomical stalk of the pituitary is also known as pars tuberalis. infundibulum. tuber cinerum. adenohypophysis. neurohypophysis. | Infundibulum |
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