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Stack #43280
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| why are igneous rocks called "parent rocks"? | because, as lithosphere evolution goes, igneous rock came first |
| how are igneous rocks formed? | the the crystallization of magma |
| where does the term "igneous" come from? | the Latin word ignis which means fire |
| what are the two classifications of igneous rock and what do they mean? | extrusive= the magma erupts from volcanoes before it turns into rock. it is also known as volcanic rock. intrusive= magma solidifies in underground to form structures such as batholites, dyke's, and sills |
| identify: a stock, batholite, laccolith, magma, dyke, sill, volcanic pipe, composite volcano, lava flow, cinder cone and volcanic neck | answer on section 3.1 |
| what is a batholite? | massive bubbles of magma that have solidified below the surface. |
| what is a dyke? | a long mass of igneous rock that cuts along the structure of adjacent rock |
| what is a sill? | a horizontal sheet of igneous rock intruded between older rocks |
| igneous rocks are________. it is usually easy to recognize them by their ___, ______ appearance | crystalline, shiny, glassy |
| what contributes to the formation of different igneous rock? | chemical composition of magma, where it is formed and how quickly it cools |
| If the grain of a igneous rock is fine, how fast did it cool? | fast |
| give an example of a medium grain rock. | dolerite |
| if a rock cools slowly, what is its grain size? | coarse |
| who created bowen's reaction series? | N.L Bowen, a Canadian geologist from the early 1900's |
| explain Bowen's reaction series. | This series explains that there is a relationship between cooling magma and mineral formation. Bowen discovered two patterns of crystallization: (1) a contious gradual change of mineral composition in the feldspar group (2)abrupt in the mg-Fe group |
| why are there different patterns during crystallization? | minerals crystallize at different temp. Some can react with other minerals forming new minerals. |
| How is sedimentary rock formed? | from the debris of other rocks and living mater. |
| how much does sedimentary rock take up? | 5% of the earth's volume, but 75% of the surface |
| what type of rock is sedimentary rock formed from? | all three types. |
| what is weathering? | the process of breaking down rocks and minerals into smaller pieces by water, wind and ice. |
| what is deposition? | the laying down of rock forming material by a natural agent |
| what are sediments? | broken pieces of rock |
| what is stratification? | the formation or deposition of layers, as of rock or sediments |
| What is erosion? | the group of natural processes , including weathering , dissolution, abrasion, corrosion, and transportation, by which material is worn away from the earth;s surface |
| what are the two types of weathering? | mechanical/physical weathering and chemical weathering |
| name and define the four types of mechanical weathering. | expansion and contraction= thermal heating and cooling of rocks, frost action= water freezes at night and expands because ice occupies greater volume, exfoliation= a vertical layer of rocks come off, other types= cracking of rocks and burrowing of animal |
| what are the three groups of igneous rocks? | felsic, mafic and intermediate |
| name the characteristics of felsic and mafic rocks | felsic= feldspar and silica, light, colourless mafic= mg+iron, dark coloured minerals |
| what is chemical weathering? | the breakdown of rocks into smaller and smaller pieces due to reactions |
| what factors affect chemical weathering? | climate, chemical composition, particle size |
| explain and describe compaction. | compaction= the compression of layers of sediment die to great weight of overlaying layers of rock. there is a reduction in the thickness of the original layer. density increases as pore spaces are reduced. |
| explain and describe cementation. | the changing if sediment into rock by filling spaces around the sediments with chemical precipitates of minerals binding the sediments and forming solid rock. |
| Explain and describe recrystallisation. | the formation of new mineral grains that are larger than the original grains. |
| the the three categories of sedimentary rock. | detrital, chemical/ inorganic/ and organic |
| how are clastic rock formed? | from particles of other rocks. they are further classified using the wentworth scale. |
| list all the particles sizes in the wentworth scale. | boulders(more than 25cm diameter) cobbles( 6-25) pebbles (4mm-6cm), sand ( visible by naked eye up to 2mm), silt( can no longer be seen by naked eye and clay ( the smallest particles) |
| when sand is combined what does it form? | sandstone |
| when boulders are combined with smaller particles, what mixture does it form? | conglomerate |
| where are cobbles found?: | fast- flowing rivers and landslides |
| pebbles are typical particles in what? | conglomerate |
| where are pebbles found? | along rivers and seashores. |
| after prolonged weathering, where so silt particles settle? | quite riverbeds with little or no current |
| when combined with clay, what does silt form? | fine- grained rocks such as mud stone or shale |
| how much energy is needed to transport clay? | little or none |
| clay is carried______ from shore | farthest |
| complete the detrital rock cycle, | answer in section 2.1.3 |
| where does petroleum come from? | layered sedimentary rock from dead animals |
| how are non-clastic rocks formed? | are formed from minerals like calcite that dissolve in water. as the chemicals from the mineral of biological precipitation mix with sediments on the floor, they crystallized and grow in the spaces around the sediment. they grow large enough to fill ... |
| explain how sea organisms such as coral contribute to the formation rock. | some of it will dissolve in the water, then this caco3 will deposit in the ocean floor then turn into rock. |
| what is a septarian nodule? | tough balls of mineral that form in sedimentary rock. they began as mud balls that formed around decomposing sea life. when they dried out they filled with minerals. these minerals in turn cracked,and the cracks filled with veins of calcite |
| where do organic biogenic rock come from? | the remains of organic material. |
| why does biogenic rock usually form in swamps? | there is lots of life and a lack of oxygen. |
| what is lignite? | coal that is formed from peat burned deep in the mud. |
| what is bituminous coal? | produced after hundreds of million of years of pressure |
| what is antroite? | produced by extreme pressure on coal. |
| which coal is best for mining> | bituminous and antroite |
| how do you get mining coal? | engineers sink deep shafts to reach the seam ( where antroite and bituminous coal is located). minerals tunnel along it to extract the coal from the exposed face. |
| metamorphic comes from the Greek word meaning_____. | to change |
| where is metamorphic rock formed from? | the other two kinds of rock and older versions of itself. |
| what does the formation of metamorphic rock exemplify? | the dynamic nature of the world below the earth's surface and their existence offers clues to the history of specific regions on our planet. |
| briefly explain recrystallization. | it occurs when temperature and pressure rise causing the bonds between minerals to break and then reorganize. this process tends to destroy original features of a rock. it changes physical but no chemical composition. |
| what is neomorphism? | the process when an increase in temperature and pressure on a rock composed of a variety of minerals cause bonds to break and then recrystallize. this changes into totally new and different minerals. |
| what is metasomatism? | the process by which the chemical composition of a rock is changed by interaction with hydrothermal fluids (hot water). original elements may be removed from the parent rock and/ or new minerals can be introduced. |
| what results from metasomatism? | rich deposits of copper and iron. |
| what us the parent rock of marble? | limestone |
| what type of rock is mostly found on mountain ranges?why? | metamorphic because they need high temp and heat to form |
| what are the two textural groups of metamorphic rock? | foliatied and non foliated |
| what is foliated rock? | high pressure during metamorphism cause minerals with flat of needle like crystals to form with their long axes perpendicular to the presses. and example is schist is derived from shale |
| what is non foliated rock? | mostly composed of minerals that form block crystal shapes. an example would be marble from limestone. |
| name the grades of metamorphism. | slate, phyllite, schist, gneiss |
| what grade is slate? | low |
| how is phyllite created? | by mild regional metamorphism of mud-stone or shale. |
| what is the difference between slate and phyllite? | phyllite is more intense. |
| what is regional metamorphism? | high temp. and pressure affect large regions of earth;s crust. this type of metamorphism can be low or medium grade of metamorphism. |
| what is contract metamorphism? | a loca effect when molten rock such as those in an igneous intrusion come in contact with solid rock |
| why do "zones" occur? | as temp. decreases with distance from the intrusion, metamorphic effect also decreases. minerals crystallize at different temp. |
| when does hydrothermal metamorphism occur? | when very hot water reacts with rocks and alters the mineralogy and chemistry. |
| name the three rock laws | law of original horizontally, law of crosscutting relationships, law of superposition |
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kajoom
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