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Life Science FINAL
Final comprehensive exam review for Life Science
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Why is the scientific method used? | To test ideas about how the natural world works |
| Why are hypotheses never accepted as proven by scientists? | Alternative hypotheses might provide a better explanation |
| What is the purpose of double-blind experiments? | To minimize the effects of human bias on the results |
| A strong correlation exists between stress and susceptibility to colds. What does this mean? | Stress might or might not affect susceptibility to colds |
| Which experimental factor can be manipulated? | Variable |
| What is the specialized branch of mathematics that is used to compare data? | Statistics |
| In statistics, what is a sample? | A small subgroup of a population to be studied |
| In science, what would an individual's personal experience or endorsement be considered? | Anecdotal evidence |
| When would an experimental result be considered statistically significant? | The result is unlikely to be due to chance alone |
| Which item suggests that scientific information on a website may be unreliable? | The site is set up to allow you to buy the product being described |
| According to the graph below, how did the number of days with cold symptoms compare for people taking placebo lozenges or zinc lozenges? | People taking the placebo had cold symptoms for 3 more days than people taking the zinc lozenges |
| What would be the most trustworthy source of scientific information? | Peer-reviewed research publications |
| Which feature is present in all known living things? | Metabolic reactions |
| Which chemical condition describes the electrons in a water molecule being shared unequally between the hydrogen and oxygen atoms? | Polar |
| Which particles are found in the nucleus of an atom? | Neutrons and protons |
| What type of chemical bond connects the complementary strands of a DNA molecule to each other? | Hydrogen bonds |
| Which element is the basis for the macromolecules found in living things? | Carbon |
| What does "hydrophobic" mean? | Repelled by water |
| How does the diameter of a prokaryotic cell compare with the diameter of a eukaryotic cell? | A prokaryote has one-tenth the diameter of a eukaryote |
| What kind of molecule forms the bilayer found in cellular membranes? | Phospholipid |
| Which example is an element? | Calcium |
| Which monomer units combine to form proteins? | Amino acids |
| What molecule is composed of one or more sugars? | Carbohydrate |
| What kind of bond is found between the individual atoms of a single water molecule? | Covalent bonds that are polar |
| Which organelle is a network of membranes involved in the production of proteins? | Endoplasmic reticulum |
| Which organelle is found in plant cells but not in animal cells? | Chloroplast |
| How are large substances moved during exocytosis? | Out of the cell |
| Which process involves the movement of molecules or atoms down a concentration gradient across plasma membranes? | Passive transport |
| Imagine a balloon is made from a membrane that's permeable to water but not sugar molecules. How would the concentration of sugar inside the balloon be affected if the balloon is filled with a 50% sugar solution and then placed in a beaker of water? | The concentration will decrease |
| What characteristic applies to the interior of a phospholipid bilayer? | Hydrophobic |
| Which components form the structure of the plasma membrane? | A double layer of phospholipids with embedded proteins |
| Which process does not involve molecules moving across cell membranes? | Hydrogenation |
| Which substance can be synthesized by cells using sunlight? | Vitamin D |
| Why should you be concerned about the trans-fatty acids common in fast foods? | An increased risk of heart disease and diabetes |
| Carbohydrates provide energy for the body. Why would carbohydrates from an apple be healthier than those from a slice of apple pie? | An apple is a whole food containing fiber, minerals, and vitamins. |
| Which group of nutrients includes milk sugar (lactose)? | Carbohydrates |
| What is meant by metabolism? | All chemical reactions occurring in the body |
| Which BMI range has the highest relative risk of death (check the graph below)? | 40 and above (severe obesity) |
| Why might the Body Mass Index (BMI) be an inaccurate measure of healthy body weight? | BMI doesn't distinguish between lean muscle and body fat |
| Why is oxygen needed in cellular respiration? | Oxygen is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain |
| What molecule releases energy to power the transport work across cell membranes? | ATP |
| Which molecules are required by the body but are not metabolized to produce ATP? | Minerals |
| What type of metabolic pathway requires oxygen? | Aerobic |
| Which statement describes enzymes? | Enzymes can be recycled and used over and over again |
| How does ATP provide energy to a cell? | It loses a phosphate group, releasing energy in the process |
| Which substance is most likely an enzyme? | Endopeptidase |
| What proteins speed up chemical reactions in cells? | Enzymes |
| Which process provides the carbon dioxide you exhale? | Aerobic Respiration |
| What is immunotherapy? | Substances that attack cancer cells having specific cell markers |
| Which characteristic indicates a cancer cell? | Metastasis |
| During which phase of the cell cycle do most organelles duplicate? | The G1 phase of interphase |
| In which phase of the cell cycle are cells most often found? | Interphase |
| During which phase of mitosis are the replicated chromosome aligned in the middle of the cell? | Metaphase |
| What is the correct order of events in mitosis? | Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase |
| The double-stranded DNA molecule can be described as a twisted rope ladder. What component of DNA would be like the steps of the ladder? | Nitrogenous bases |
| Consider a strand of DNA with the sequence AGTTCGATT. What is the sequence of the complementary strand? | TCAAGCTAA |
| In a bacterial species, 45% of the bases in its DNA are A. What percentage of the bases are T? | 45 |
| What disease occurs when cells replicate even though they should not be dividing? | Cancer |
| What happens when a tumor becomes metastatic? | Tumor cells break away to start a new tumor |
| How does the use of tobacco and alcohol affect the risk of esophageal cancer according to the graph? | Esophageal cancer risk is three times as high for people who use both tobacco and alcohol |
| What is a benign tumor? | A mass of cells that remains in one area |
| Which type of cancer is most common? | Skin |
| What are sister chromatids? | The two identical copies of one chromosome |
| During which part of mitosis does the nuclear envelope break down? | Prophase |
| On a pedigree chart, what symbol would represent a son with a genetic disorder? | A shaded square |
| According to the Punnett square diagram, what percentage of possible male offspring would be unaffected by adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD) if the father is unaffected by ALD and the mother is a carrier of ALD? | 25% |
| What types and numbers of chromosomes are found in humans? | One pair of sex chromosomes and 22 pairs of autosomes |
| The loss of myelin due to adrenoleukodystrophy causes multiple effects in several organs. What process results from the effects of a single gene loss? | Pleiotropy |
| In which group can sex-linked traits be expressed? | Either males or females |
| Which offspring will receive a harmful allele for an X-linked trait from a man who carries the allele? | All of his daughters |
| A woman with type A blood and a man with type B blood have a baby with type O blood. What are the genotypes of the woman and the man? | IAi and IBi |
| Which blood type does NOT have sugars on the surface of the red blood cells? | Type O |
| What parental blood type would not be able to produce a child with type O blood? | AB |
| If purple flowers (P) are dominant to white flowers (p) in pea plants, which cross would produce only purple flowers in the offspring? | PP × PP |
| Cystic fibrosis is caused by the recessive allele, f. What percentage of possible offspring would develop cystic fibrosis from a mating of two parents with Ff genotypes? | 25% |
| If an organism's chromosomal DNA is like an instruction manual, what instructions do cells receive from genes? | Make specific proteins from amino acids |
| What is a mistake that is made during copying of genetic information? | Mutation |
| During which process do gametes fuse together? | Fertilization |
| What process produces new alleles? | Mutation |
| What macromolecule is usually made from the genetic instructions in DNA? | Protein |
| What is CRISPR technology? | A tool for gene editing in crop plants and animals |
| What conclusions did the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) make regarding milk from cows treated with recombinant bovine growth hormone (rBGH)? | No detectable difference exists for milk from treated and untreated cows |
| What is pharming? | The use of genetically modified organisms to produce medical treatments |
| Why are stem cells used in therapeutic cloning? | To produce healthy tissues as replacements for damaged ones |
| What organisms contain a gene from a different species in their genome? | Transgenic organisms |
| What are the "highly specific molecular scissors" that cut DNA? | Restriction enzymes |
| What term describes all the genes in an organism? | Genome |
| Which structure "unzips" the double helix of DNA during transcription? | RNA polymerase |
| Which polymer is made of nucleotides? | mRNA |
| What type of mutation produces no significant change in a functional protein? | Neutral mutation |
| Which structure always contains three nucleotides? | An anticodon |
| Which molecule serves as the template during translation? | mRNA |
| How does RNA differ from DNA? | RNA is single-stranded |
| What process produces a complementary RNA sequence from a DNA sequence template? | Transcription |
| What sequence of molecules are used during protein synthesis? | DNA → RNA → protein |
| Which nitrogenous base pairs with guanine in a DNA molecule? | Cytosine |
| What are similar cells that are grouped together and perform a common function called? | Tissues |
| When stored fat is used for energy, what happens to adipose cells in the body? | They become smaller |
| Which connective tissue has a liquid matrix? | Blood |
| Besides structural support for the body, what function do bones serve? | They donate certain minerals when dietary levels are insufficient |
| Which type of cell protects the body from the potentially harmful effects of ultraviolet radiation? | Epithelial |
| Which action is an example of voluntary muscle contraction? | A push-up |
| What activity of the liver makes it an accessory organ of the digestive system? | Production of bile |
| What is the correct sequence of bodily organization, from simple to complex? | Cells—tissues—organs—organ systems—organism |
| What does homeostasis allow an organism to do? | Maintain a constant internal environment |
| Contraction of the uterus during childbirth results in additional contractions. This is an example of which form of feedback control? | Positive feedback |
| Which organ isn't able to be transplanted from a donor to a recipient? | A brain |
| To increase blood glucose levels, what hormone is secreted by the pancreas to stimulate the liver to convert stored glycogen into glucose? | Glucagon |
| What is the advantage of growing or printing an organ from the recipient's own cells over transplanting an organ from a donor? | It can decrease the risk of rejection by the immune system |
| How does a human respond to a high body temperature? | Blood vessels near the skin dilate |
| What substance does the liver filter from the blood? | Toxins |
| How many alcoholic drinks can generally be metabolized in one hour? | One |
| What strategy will encourage a safer engagement with alcohol? | Alternating drinking glasses of water with alcoholic drinks |
| What risk may result from mixing alcohol with energy drinks? | Energy drinks may mask the true intoxicating effects of alcohol |
| Valuable substances in filtrate are returned to the blood through what process? | Reabsorption |
| How much alcohol dehydrogenase will a man and a woman of the same size produce? | The man will produce more |
| What is the term used to describe the contraction of smooth muscles that moves material down the esophagus? | Peristalsis |
| What part of the digestive system has the most surface area for the absorption of nutrients? | Small intestine |
| Which organ secretes a buffer that neutralizes the acidity of stomach acid? | Pancreas |
| What is the pH of chyme just before entering the small intestine? | Acidic (low pH) |
| What type of digestion occurs in the mouth? | Mechanical and chemical |
| Why do gallstones form in the gallbladder? | The gallbladder removes too much water from bile |
| What is a possible side effect of having one's gallbladder removed? | Fat digestion is impaired |
| What description applies to accessory organs? | They secrete enzymes required for digestion |
| Which chemical is a hormone involved in digestion? | Gastrin |
| Water is absorbed from the colon. What is another name for colon? | Large intestine |
| Which of the following statements about the human heart's structure and function is true? | The amount of blood leaving the left and the right ventricles is the same |
| Refer to the figure to answer the following question. At which stage shown in the graph are abdominal muscles contracted? | Strong exhale |
| Refer to the figure to answer the following question. At which stage shown in the graph is the diaphragm strongly contracted? | Deep inhale |
| About how many years after quitting smoking does it take for the risk of heart disease and death to return to the levels like those seen in people who never smoked? | 15 |
| Which pathway correctly traces a drop of blood through the vascular system? | Right ventricle, lungs, left atrium, left ventricle, body, right atrium |
| Which region of the circulatory system allows passage of nutrients and other small molecules to service nearby tissues? | Capillaries |
| "Diver's reflex" is a response to diving upon submersion in water; it is characterized by physiological changes like a slowed heart rate. Which region of the heart would be directly affected by the nervous system to allow for the slowing of heart rate? | SA node |
| What is the contraction phase of the cardiac cycle? | Systole |
| Which structures return blood to the heart? | Veins |
| Which compound reduces the superficial tension in the alveoli fluid, preventing the alveoli walls from collapsing? | Surfactant |
| Why is carbon monoxide deadly? | It binds to hemoglobin in red blood cells in place of oxygen |
| Chronic smoking can lead to the formation of scar tissue in the lungs, permanently damaging alveoli. What condition results from this process? | Emphysema |
| Where can most of the oxygen in the blood be found? | Bound to hemoglobin |
| What route does air follow to the human lungs as it is inhaled? | Nasal cavity, larynx, trachea, bronchiole, alveolus |
| What body signal, interpreted by the brain stem, will cause the diaphragm to contract? | Levels of carbon dioxide in the blood |
| During exhalation, when the diaphragm relaxes and the volume of the chest cavity decreases, how is the air pressure inside the lungs affected? | It increases |
| Heart – lungs – heart circulation is called: | Pulmonary circuit |
| Heart – body tissues – heart circulation is called: | Systemic circuit |
| What are disease-causing organisms called? | Pathogens |
| Why aren't viruses classified as living organisms? | Viruses can't replicate themselves without a host cell |
| What would be an action that public health officials could take to reduce the risk of Zika virus infection? | Work with natural resource managers to spray areas where mosquitoes breed |
| Which pathogen is a eukaryote? | Giardia X |
| Refer to the figure to answer the following question: Which statement about viruses is correct? | The genes of a virus code for proteins necessary to make more viruses |
| What does the HPV vaccine provide protection against? | Cervical cancer |
| Which structure(s) represent a first line of defense against pathogens? | Skin |
| Which is an example of a specific line of defense against an infectious agent? | B cells stick to the invading pathogen's surface |
| What cells of the immune system will help the body respond more quickly if the infectious agent is encountered again? | Memory |
| Mucus traps pathogens that are later coughed or sneezed away. What form of body defense applies to this example? | First line of defense |
| What causes fever? | Macrophages release pyrogens, which cause body temperature to increase |
| Which cells are not normally involved in the functioning of the immune system in humans? | Red blood cells |
| Which mode of transmission is used by the HIV virus in humans? | Blood transfusion |
| Antibiotics are used against bacterial infections but not for viral infections. This is because... | Antibiotics disrupt the bacterial cell wall |
| Which of the following statements is not true about the second line of defense against infection? | It is a specific defense mechanism |
| Consider the figure illustrating the two major classes of hormones and their actions. Which class of hormones would you expect to be ideally suited for long-term processes such as growth and development? | Steroid hormones, because they can turn specific genes on or off |
| Which endocrine gland is involved in producing immune cells? | Thymus |
| Unlike most steroid-based hormones, how will protein hormones typically work? | By binding to receptors on the surface of target cells |
| You have just eaten a candy bar and your blood glucose levels are rising. This will activate which organ of the endocrine system? | Pancreas |
| Which change is a sign of puberty occurring in males? | Underarm hair growth |
| A fertility doctor suggests to a couple trying to have a baby that the husband switch from tight briefs to loose-fitting boxers. Why? | Sperm production is reduced at body temperature |
| You're treating a patient who experienced a fracture to her appendicular skeleton. Which bone would need to be treated? | Tibia |
| Which is an important function of the skeletal system? | Providing support for the body |
| How does growth during puberty affect the differences in male and female skeletons? | Men will have longer legs and arms than women. |
| Why are women more proficient than men on the balance beam apparatus used in gymnastics? | Women have a lower center of gravity because their torsos are long relative to leg length |
| Skeletal muscle is involved with which function? | Voluntary movement |
| Into what units are the myofibrils of skeletal muscle organized? | Sarcomeres |
| What happens to a sarcomere when muscle contraction occurs? | It shortens |
| Studies have demonstrated that in some cases, female marathon runners don't exhibit a normal menstrual cycle. What fact could explain this condition in female runners? | The women do not have enough body fat |
| Why do men typically have larger, more defined muscles than similarly sized women? | Testosterone stimulates the muscle cells to grow larger in a man |
| Some women suffer from severe cramps during their menstrual cycles, requiring medical attention. This is a condition called dysmenorrhea. Based on your knowledge of the female reproductive tract, which structure most likely causes this condition? | Uterus |
| In which structure does fertilization take place? | Oviduct |
| What hormones function in both the male and female reproductive system? | Luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone |
| Which method of birth control prevents follicle development? | Birth control pill |
| During the menstrual cycle, what is the main source of progesterone in females? | Corpus Luteum |
| The zona pellucida... | Acts as a binding site for the sperm head |
| What process refers to cells that become more specialized in their function? | Differentiation |
| What is formed by the three layers of tissue that include the endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm? | Gastrula |
| What is the role of the acrosomal enzymes? | To allow the sperm cell to penetrate the egg |
| At what point during pregnancy is the unborn child called a fetus? | After the growing cells look like a miniature version of a human |
| The Zika virus is particularly dangerous to an unborn child during... | The first 3 months of pregnancy |
| A group of cells in the ovary that support a developing egg are together called the ________ | Follicle |
| Which method of birth control protects against sexually transmitted infections? | None of these protect against sexually transmitted infections |
| What can cross the placenta and affect a developing embryo? | All of these |
| What causes the cervix to dilate prior to delivery? | Contractions of the uterus push the baby against the cervix |
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FaithMcBaith
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