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Bio 101 Exam 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is evolution? | A change in a population's gene pool |
| How long does it take for evolution to occur? | Over many generations |
| Where does evolution take place? | In populations |
| What is a genome? | The complete set of genetic material in an organism |
| What is a gene pool? | The complete set of genetic information within all the individuals of a particular population or species, entire collection |
| What is natural selection? | The process by which organisms that are better adapted to their environment tend to survive and reproduce more successfully than those that are less adapted. It does not create alleles, it strongly selects for alleles |
| What is artificial selection? | A human chooses desired features, which allows only the individuals that best express those qualities to reproduce which changes allele frequencies |
| What are adaptations? | Heritable features that improve an organism's ability to survive and reproduce |
| How does natural selection shape a population? | Genetic variation, competition, survival of the fittest, reproduction, and adaptation through the different types |
| How did we become antibiotic resistant? | Overly prescribed, put in food, not taking the meds for the full days, overuse/misuse, natural selection, mutations |
| What is fitness? | Depends on the ability to reproduce-the organism's genetic contribution to the next generation |
| Is evolution unavoidable? | Yes! Allele frequencies will inevitably change over time because they are affected by so many selective forces |
| What is directional selection? | It favors one phenotype over another |
| What is disruptive selection? | It favors the extreme phenotypes |
| What is stabilizing selection? | It favors the intermediate phenotype |
| What is a heterozygote advantage? | It is when a heterozygote is favored over a homozygote |
| What is the benefit of heterozygote advantage in sickle cell? | Sickle cell heterozygotes are resistant to malaria |
| What is sexual selection? | Variation in the ability to obtain mates, mating is not random, most choose the most colorful mate |
| What is genetic drift? | A mechanism of evolution that refers to random changes in the frequency of alleles within a population, a change in allele frequency occurs by chance, tends to eliminate alleles from a population |
| What is the founder effect? | When a few individuals migrate away to establish a new population, the allele frequency might change |
| What is the bottleneck effect? | Occurs when the size of the population becomes greatly reduced and genetic diversity decreases as many alleles are lost |
| What is gene flow? | It moves alleles between populations and increases genetic diversity |
| What are fossils? | The remains of ancient organisms, provided the original evidence for evolution, include any evidence of an organism from more than 10,000 years ago |
| What are transition fossils? | Can reveal step-by-step the evolution of one species into another |
| Is the fossil record complete or incomplete? | Incomplete, finding a complete collection is rare. Some extinct organisms may never fossilize, fossils are destroyed, or some may not have been found yet |
| What is relative dating? | It estimates fossil age by using rock layers, assumes that lower rock layers have older fossils than newer layers |
| What is absolute dating? | It estimates fossil age by using chemistry and isotopes like C14 and K40 |
| How is Carbon-14 used in absolute dating? | When an organism dies, it stops absorbing the C14 and by measuring the remaining amount of C14 in a sample, scientists can estimate the time that has elapsed |
| How is Potassium-40 used in absolute dating? | Scientists measure the ratio of potassium-40 to argon-40 in a rock sample to determine the time that has elapsed since the rock solidified |
| What is Wallace's Line? | A deep trench separating animals for millions of years, allowing them to evolve independently |
| What are homologous structures? | These are anatomical features in different species that share a common ancestry, even if they have different functions |
| What is an example of a homologous structure? | The forelimbs of vertebrates |
| What are analogous structures? | These are anatomical features in different species that serve similar functions but do not share a common evolutionary origin |
| What is an example of an analogous structure? | The wings of insects and birds and bats |
| What are vestigial structures? | These are anatomical features or behaviors that have lost most or all of their original function through the course of evolution |
| What is an example of a vestigial structure? | Appendix in humans, wisdom teeth in humans, pelvic bones in whales/snakes, wings of flightless birds |
| What is convergent evolution? | A process where unrelated or distantly related organisms independently evolve similar traits or adaptations in response to similar environmental pressures or challenges |
| What does evolution have to include a change in? | The gene pool |
| What are homeotic genes? | These are a group of genes that control the development of anatomical structures in various organisms, typically the limbs |
| Amphibians, birds, and mammals' embryos look what? | Similar |
| What are the 4 phyla of plants? | Bryophytes, Seedless Vascular, Gymnosperms, Angiosperms |
| What are the features of all plants? | Multicellular, eukaryotic, cell wall, chloroplasts, and autotrophic |
| What is in the chloroplast causing it to be green? | Chlorophyll |
| What is the purpose of a cuticle for a plant? | It helps keep the plant from drying out and prevents too much water exchange |
| What is the purpose of a stomata for a plant? | It helps with the gas exchange |
| What is the purpose of a root for a plant? | It anchors the plant and absorbs minerals and water from the soil |
| What evidence is there that green algae is connected to plants? | DNA, chloroplasts, cell walls containing cellulose, and both use starch as a storage molecule |
| What are the two types of vascular tissue? | Xylem and Phloem |
| What is the xylem? | It is responsible for the transport of water and dissolved minerals from the roots to the rest of the plant |
| What is the phloem? | It is responsible for the transport of sugars from the leaves to other parts of the plant |
| What is a flower? | Angiosperm structure that produces pollen and egg cells, site of fertilization |
| What is pollen? | Delivers sperm to female flower part and allowed plants to reproduce on land |
| What is a fruit? | Seed-containing structure that is unique to angiosperms; develops from flower parts after fertilization |
| What is a seed? | Plant embryo and its food supply, packaged inside a seed coat; produced by gymnosperms and angiosperms |
| Do seeded plants need water to reproduce? | No |
| What is the alternation of generations? | Life cycle featuring multicellular diploid and haploid stages, sporophyte (diploid) and gametophyte (haploid) |
| What is a sporophyte? | Diploid stage of the plant life cycle, during which some cells undergo meiosis and produce haploid spores |
| What are spores? | Haploid cells that develop into the gametophyte generation |
| What is a gametophyte? | Haploid stage of plant life cycle, during which some cells undergo mitosis and produce haploid gametes |
| What is a gamete? | Sperm and egg cells |
| What is a pollen grain? | Male gametophyte of a seed plant; carried by wind or animals, eliminating need for moisture in reproduction |
| What are characteristics of bryophytes? | Live in shady, moist environments, small/compact, have no vascular tissue, roots, leaves, seeds, or flowers, reproduce in water, have a small sporophyte |
| What is an example of a bryophyte? | Moss |
| What are characteristics of seedless vascular plants? | Have xylem and phloem but no seeds or flowers, have true roots, stems, and leaves, sporophytes are large |
| What is an example of a seedless vascular plant? | Ferns |
| What are characteristics of gymnosperms? | Naked seed plants, diverse, does not need water to reproduce, seeds protect gymnosperm embryos, sporophytes are very large and conspicuous |
| What are the 4 groups of gymnosperms? | Gnetophytes, evergreens, ginkgos, and cycads |
| What are cycads? | Conifers that make cones |
| What are characteristics of angiosperms? | Produce seeds and flowers, largest group of all plant species, have double fertilization, sporophytes are very large and conspicuous |
| What is double fertilization? | One sperm fertilizes the egg forming a zygote and the other sperm fertilizes the central cell's polar nuclei which will develop into the endosperm |
| What is the advantage of angiosperms over gymnosperms? | Angiosperms have flowers and fruits and pollen can get everywhere |
| What is the endosperm? | It supplies nutrition to the embryo |
| Cones are to gymnosperms as flowers are to what? | Angiosperms/plants |
| What are the characteristics of animals? | Multicellular, eukaryotic, heterotrophic, go through a blastula stage, and cells produce extracellular matrix |
| What are the 9 phyla of animals? | Chordates, echinoderms, arthropods, roundworms, annelids, mollusks, flatworms, cnidarians, sponges |
| Which animal does not have tissues? | Sponges |
| What is cephalization? | Bodies have a head and tail end |
| What are the tissue layers of gastrula? | Endoderm (inside), ectoderm (outside), and mesoderm (between the endoderm and ectoderm) |
| What is a coelom? | A fluid-filled body cavity surrounded on all sides by mesoderm |
| What are the three major body layers? | Head, thorax, abdomen |
| Which is the most diverse phylum? | Arthropods |
| What are the 4 features of chordates? | Notochord, dorsal nerve cord, pharyngeal slit, and postanal tail |
| What are tetrapods? | Have two pairs of limbs |
| What is an amnion? | Several membranes that surround, protect, and feed their developing embryos |
| What are penguins? | Birds, not mammals |
| What allowed fish to become amphibians/reptiles? | Legs and lungs |
| What are the primate features? | Grasping hands with opposable thumbs, flat nails, eyes set in front of the skull, and brain is large in comparison with body size |
| What are the different types of mammal reproduction? | Monotreme, marsupial, and placental |
| What is the hole in the back of the head that allows the spinal chord/vertebrate? | Foramen Magnum |
| What are the hominids? | The great apes |
| What are the hominins? | Humans |
| Out of all the homo species who still exists? | Homo Sapiens |
| What are the animals in the chordate phylum? | Tunicates, lancelets, hagfish, lamprey, fish, amphibian, reptile, mammals |
| What is a fun fact about Porifera/Sponge? | They are hermaphrodites, reproduction can be sexual or asexual |
| What is a fun fact about Cnidarians? | Have specialized cells to sting |
| What is a fun fact about Flatworms? | They have no coelom |
| What is a fun fact about Mollusks? | They have a mantle that secretes their shell |
| What is a fun fact about Annelids? | They are segmented worms |
| What is a fun fact about Arthropods? | They have jointed appendages |
| What is a fun fact about Echinoderms? | They have a water vascular system and tube feet |
| What is a fun fact about Chordates? | They are a diverse group including humans, mammals, fish, and other familiar animals |
| What is a fun fact about Roundworms? | They are unsegmented worms |
| What is the importance of earthworms? | Aerate and fertilize the soil |
Created by:
MOWGaming04
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