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bio
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| genes | a segment of DNA that carries the genetic code to make a specific polypeptide chain |
| chromosomes | coiled structure made of DNA and protein that is present during cell division and visible with a light microscope |
| thylakoids | flattened sac of membrane inside a chloroplast where the first stage of photosynthesis (light reactions) occurs |
| grana | within the chloroplast, consists of sac-like membranes, known as thylakoid membranes |
| semipermeability | ability to allow only certain molecules in or out of the cell |
| Fluid Mosaic Model | model proposes that integral membrane proteins are embedded in the phospholipid bilayer, and that the membrane is in a constant change, behaving like a fluid, rather than a solid |
| peripheral membrane proteins | a protein that is only temporarily associated with the cell membrane and can be easily removed |
| microfilaments | smallest component of the cytoskeleton; made of two actin chains twisted around one another |
| nucleolus | non-membrane bound organelle found in the nucleus of many cells and is mainly involved in the assembly of ribosomes |
| mitochondria | organelle in eukaryotic cells that uses energy stored in glucose to make ATP, which cells can use for energy |
| ribozymes | an RNA molecule that catalyzes chemical reactions, such as translation; has enzymatic activity |
| cristae | inner membrane fold of the mitochondrion |
| matrix | The fluid-filled inside of the mitochondrion where most of the cell's ATP is made |
| endoplasmic reticulum (ER) | organelle in eukaryotic cells that helps make and transport proteins and lipids; types include rough ER and smooth ER |
| Golgi apparatus | organelle in eukaryotic cells that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins for secretion out of the cell, or for use within the cell, also involved in the transport of lipids around the cell |
| Vescicles | small sac-like organelle that transports materials inside a cell |
| vacuoles | large sac-like organelle that stores and transports materials inside a cell |
| centrioles | organelle in animal cells that is located near the nucleus and arranges the mitotic spindles that pull the chromosome apart during cell division |
| rough ER | endoplasmic reticulum with ribosomes embedded on its surface |
| smooth ER | endoplasmic reticulum without ribosomes embedded on its surface |
| lysosomes | organelle in eukaryotic cells that uses enzymes to break down molecules so their components can be recycled |
| peroxisomes | vesicle that uses oxygen to break down toxic substances in the cell; named for the hydrogen peroxide that is produced when they break down organic compounds |
| cell wall | rigid layer that surrounds the cell membrane in plants, fungi, and bacteria that helps support and protect the cell |
| central vacuole | large sac-like organelle in plant cells that stores substances such as water and helps keep plant tissues rigid |
| plastids | group closely related membrane-bound organelles that carry out many functions;they are responsible for photosynthesis, for the storage of products such as starch, and for the synthesis of many types of molecules that are needed as cellular building blocks |
| tonoplast | Membrane that surrounds the central vacuole and has proteins that control the flow of water into and out of the vacuole |
| stroma | fluid-filled space inside a chloroplast where the second stage of photosynthesis (Calvin cycle) occurs |
| phospholipid bilayer | the phospholipids in the cell membrane are arranged in two layers |
| hydrophobic | water fearing (non polar) |
| hydrophilic | water loving (polar) |
| integral membrane proteins | protein that is permanently embedded within the cell membrane; a range of important functions including transporting molecules across the membrane. |
| flagella | long, whip-like extensions on the surface of a cell that helps the cell move |
| cilia | short, hair-like projections on a cell, that allow some cells to move |
| microtubules | largest component of the cytoskeleton; hollow protein cylinder made of alpha and beta tubulin |
| chloroplasts | organelle in the cells of plants and algae, that contains chlorophyll and is the site of photosynthesis |
| nuclear envelope | double membrane of the nucleus that encloses the genetic material and separates the contents of the nucleus from the cytoplasm |
Created by:
Jitendra12
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