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Urinary system
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Aldosterone | |
| ADH | |
| Artrial natriuretic | |
| Brain hormone | |
| Erythropoietin | |
| Calcitriol | |
| Renin | |
| Parathyroid hormone | |
| Cortisol | |
| nephritic syndrome | Kidney inflammation damages the basement membrane of the glomerulus, allowing RBC and protein, which would be retained in the bloodstream, to pass through to the urine. Can occur as a result of the same conditions that cause glomerulonephritis. |
| nephrosclerosis | Atherosclerotic disease of the small renal arteries related to hypertension and eventual destruction of renal cells |
| nephrotic syndrome | Damage to the glomerular basement membrane allows protein to be released in the urine; characterized by extensive proteinuria, hyperlipidemia (elevated blood lipids), hypoalbuminemia (low blood albumin), and severe edema. |
| nephrostomy | Formation of an artificial opening into the renal pelvis of the kidney from the skin. |
| how does diabetes effect the blood flow to the kidneys | can cause vasoconstriction, causes changes to the blood vessels impacting the flow to the kidneys |
| Glomerulonephritis | occurs when the inflammatory process alters the effectiveness of the semipermeable membrane in the glomeruli. |
| what causes kidney stones | urinary infections, inadequate fluid intake, and sluggish urine flow |
| Hydronephrosis | results when flow of urine from the kidney is obstructed, and the kidney dilates and fills with fluid |
| Acute pyelonephritis | an infection of the kidneys thought to occur when bacteria (such as E coli) from a bladder infection travel up the ureters to infect the kidneys. |
| what causes a UTI | bacteria that colonized in the kidneys |
| How can nephrotoxic drugs cause kidney damage | Chemical alterations of glomeruli |
| why should you increase fluids for a patient taking sulfa drugs | to prevent crystalluria and stone formation |
| normal sodium levels | 135 to 145 mEq/L |
| normal potassium levels | 3.5 to 5.5 mEq/L.) |
| normal bun level | 7-20 |
| creatinine level over 1.3 equals | BAD KIDNEY |
| why should a patient drink plenty fluids following a cystogram | to flush the solution out of the body quickly to limit potential for damage from the hypertonic solution |
| a vaginal fistula can cause | Pneumaturia, or gas in the urine |
| hematuria and determining which location | If the blood is soon as voiding starts- somewhere in the urethra. Blood at the end of urination- near the neck of the bladder. Bleeding throughout voiding- above the neck of the bladder, the blood has been well mixed with the urine in the bladder |
| Uti can quickly turn into urosepsis | infection in the blood that infects the brain |
| what is the first action to tale for patients with UTI & Pyelonephritis | Obtain blood and urine cultures and then begin ANTI-biotics |
| cloudy urine specimen is an indication of | bacteria in the urine |
| Pt reporting dysuria and frequency what test should be ordered | urine culture |
| Pyelonephritis Signs & Symptoms | pain location: Costovertebral tenderness Dull Flank pain Extending toward Umbilicus |
| Patient with temperature of 102.5°F (39°C) grabbing on to her left side and complaining of dull pain. The urine specimen appears concentrated with a cloudy appearance. Findings are associated with? | Pyelonephritis |
| hematuria causes | Kidney stones, bladder cancer, post-operative TURP. |
| nitrates in the urine is an indicator for | Kidney infection “pyelonephritis” Memory trick: Look for the “N” - N - Nitrites - N - pyeloNephritis |
| in a urine and culture sensitivity test how many organisms/ml indicates a UTI. | over 10,000 |
| in renal failure what is the rationale for low protein diet? | preserve renal function |
| low phosphorus diet would consist of avoiding foods such as | NO Dairy: Yogurt, Pudding, Milk |
| Expected findings after lithotripsy? | stone fragments in urine |
| causes of urinary retention | - After surgery - Post op - After Foley Catheter is D/C - Men: Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) |
| medications that causes urinary retention | Opioids (makes body low & slow) - Morphine & Hydromorphone - look for O’s - Anticholinergics can’t see, pee, spit, poop - IpraTropium - you can’t Pee with a TroPium - Atropine- hard to Pee with a TroPINE - Tricyclic Antidepressants |
| Patient taking hydromorphone with urinary retention suspected. First action? | Palpate the client’s suprapubic area |
| Intervention for a patient who has not urinated …. 10 hours post-operation? | Help the patient out of bed to a normal standing position. |
| Urgent catheterization for acute urinary retention… nurse places priority on which sign & symptom? | 1. Bradycardia 2. Hypotension |
| Acute Kidney Injury … correct understanding? | Sudden loss of kidney function due to loss of the renal system circulation or glomerular/ tubular damage |
| Best indicator of good renal functions | 1500 mL urine in 24 hours |
| 5 stages of CKD | Stage 1: 90 + GFR Stage 2: 89 - 60 GFR Stage 3: 59 - 60 GFR Stage 4: 29 - 15 GFR Stage 5: 15 or Less GFR = End Stage Renal Disease |
| Uncontrolled Diabetes and uncontrolled HTN can cause | chronic renal failure |
| a male reporting urine incontinence what should be a priority | Ensure prostate exam performed |
| Priority teaching for a patient newly diagnosed with stress incontinence? a. voiding every 2 hours b. Kegal exercises 4 x per day c. Avoid alcohol & caffeine d. Take oxybutynin | a. voiding every 2 hours |
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