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Biology State Test
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Membrane Pump | a specialized protein embedded within a cell membrane that actively transports ions or molecules across the membrane against their concentration gradient |
| Osmosis | the movement of water molecules across a semipermeable membrane from a region of low solute concentration (high water concentration) to a region of high solute concentration (low water concentration) |
| Active Transport | an energy-driven process where membrane proteins transport molecules across cells |
| Exocytosis | a biological process that moves large molecules and waste out of a cell and into the extracellular space |
| Hypertonic | a solution that has a higher concentration of solutes and a lower concentration of water than body fluids |
| Concentration gradient | a gradual difference in the concentration of a substance between two areas |
| Isotonic | a solution that has the same solute concentration as another solution |
| Passive transport | the movement of chemicals across a membrane from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration without the need for cellular energy. |
| Facilitated diffusion | the passive transport of molecules across a cell membrane, moving from an area of high concentration to low concentration, with the assistance of specialized membrane proteins like channel proteins or carrier proteins |
| Endocytosis | a process where by cells internalize membrane proteins such as receptors and solutes, from the extracellular space by engulfing them within plasma membrane vesicles |
| Organic | things that are natural or related to nature |
| Macromolecule | very large molecules made of repeating subunits known as monomers. |
| Lipid | fatty, waxy, or oily compounds that are soluble in organic solvents and insoluble in polar solvents such as water. |
| Monosaccharide | the simplest units of carbohydrates and the simplest form of sugar |
| Fatty acid | the building blocks of the fat in our bodies and in the food we eat. |
| Polypeptide | a chain of amino acids |
| Nucleotide | the basic building block of nucleic acids (RNA and DNA) |
| Activation energy | the minimum amount of energy needed to start a chemical reaction |
| Catalyst | a substance that changes the rate of a chemical reaction but is itself unchanged at the end of the process |
| Denature | to deprive of natural qualities |
| Cell cycle | the process by which a cell replicates its DNA and divides into two identical daughter cells |
| G1, S, G2 | G1 refers to the "Gap 1" phase where the cell grows and prepares for DNA replication, S stands for the "Synthesis" phase where DNA is actually replicated, and G2 is the "Gap 2" phase where the cell prepares for mitosis after DNA replication is complete |
| Mitosis | The process by which a single parent cell divides to make two new daughter cells |
| Cell division | The process by which a single parent cell splits to form new cells, known as daughter cells. |
| Cytokinesis | the physical process of cell division, which divides the cytoplasm of a parental cell into two daughter cells. |
| Cleavage furrow | a groove in the plasma membrane of a cell that deepens and divides the cytoplasm during cell division |
| Cell plate | a structure that forms in a plant cell during cell division to separate the two newly formed daughter cells |
| Centrioles | paired barrel-shaped organelles located in the cytoplasm of animal cells near the nuclear envelope. |
| Chromatin | a mixture of DNA and proteins that form the chromosomes found in the cells of humans and other higher organisms |
| Nuclear membrane | a thin soft flexible sheet or layer especially of a plant or animal part (as a cell, tissue, or organ) |
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