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Earth System Science
Unit 10 study guide
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Geothermal power systems tap our planet's natural radioactive energy and the fact that temperature and pressure inside Earth decrease with depth. | False |
| Photovoltaic (PV) cells, the type commonly seen on homes and commercial buildings, use semi-conducting materials such as silicon to produce electricity from sunlight. | True |
| Traditional fossil fuels (i.e. oil, natural gas and coal) account for roughly 80 percent of world energy use. | True |
| Anthracite coals are characteristically dark black, non-metallic and represent the most important coal grade for energy production. | False |
| Analysts generally agree that, at best, corn ethanol offers modest energy savings over gasoline, and that the real promise lies in making ethanol from cellulosic (woody) plants such as switchgrass, willows, and poplars. | True |
| Brown coal called __________, the first type of coal to form when plant matter is compacted, has an energy value of 9 to 17 million British thermal units (Btu) per ton. | lignite |
| ___________ refers to the rate at which new material is added to the stock (inflow) or removed from the stock (outflow). | Flow |
| __________, also known as ethyl alcohol or grain alcohol, can be fermented from sugars found in corn and other crops and added to conventional gasoline. | Ethanol |
| Many alternative sources of energy, such as wind, solar, and hydropower, are ___________ because their supplies are refreshed faster than humans consume them. | renewable resources |
| The __________(inflow minus outflow) determines whether the stock grows, shrinks, or remains constant. | net flow rate |
| A __________ is the amount of material in a certain deposit or reservoir—for example, the total quantity of oil in a field that can be recovered with today's technology. | stock |
| The combination of a source rock, reservoir, trap, and cap rock, which comprise all the essential geologic elements that must be in place to yield large oil or gas field, is called a __________ system. | hydrocarbon |
| Biodiesel, which is essentially vegetable oil, can also be derived from a wide range of plant sources, including rapeseed, sunflowers, and soybeans, and can be used in most conventional diesel engines. | True |
| Improving end-use efficiency has been likened to finding a new supply of energy. | True |
| _________ is the first fossil fuel exploited by humans for energy on a large scale, is a carbonaceous rock formed from buried plants in ancient forests or swamps. | Coal |
| _________ sands are deposits of heavy oil that are too thick to flow. | Tar |
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