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Earth System Science
Unit 8 study guide
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA), which was enacted in 1974, regulates contaminants in public water supplies, which serve about 90 percent of the U.S. population. | True |
| The porous structures of soil, sediment and rock is of critical importance to groundwater movement. | True |
| __________ is defined as how readily the medium transmits water, based on the size and shape of the open spaces it contains and how interconnected the spaces are. | Permeability |
| The basic geologic unit that scientists use to characterize an area's water supply and water quality with precision is the ___, which can be defined as an area of land that drains all streams and rainfall to a common outlet such as a bay or river delta. | Answers a and b |
| Some types of pollution can create ________areas ("dead zones"), where dissolved oxygen levels are too low to support marine life—typically less than two to three milligrams per liter. | Hypoxic |
| Millions of people worldwide depend on groundwater stocks, which they draw from which are defined as permeable geologic formations through which water flows easily. | Aquifers |
| ___________ pollution consists of diffuse, non-bounded discharges from many contributors, such as runoff from city streets or agricultural fields, so it is more challenging to control. | Non-point |
| Irrigation increases salt concentrations in soils when the irrigation water evaporates leaving precipitated salts behind. | True |
| Hydrogeologists use a quantity called the hydraulic head (essentially the height of the water) to explain why groundwater moves from one place to another. | True |
| Salinity is not dangerous to humans, but water becomes non-potable for human consumption at about 2,000 mg/l. | True |
| ‘Confined Aquifers’ are those that are capped by an impermeable layer and are less likely to be contaminated from surface contaminants. | True |
| Salinization in coastal areas occurs when excessive groundwater pumping draws seawater into aquifers and wells. | True |
| The global water cycle consists of 3 basic steps – precipitation, movement of water through above and below the land surface to oceans, and evaporation or transpiration back to the atmosphere. | True |
| Globally, the amount of water lost through evaporation on land is greater than that received by precipitation. | False |
| ___________ pollution consists of diffuse, non-bounded discharges from many contributors, such as runoff from city streets or agricultural fields, so it is more challenging to control. | Non-point |
| When pumping starts, groundwater stores are depleted in the vicinity of the well, creating a ________ in the water table. | Cone of depression |
| Under natural conditions many aquifers are _______, which is a term that means the water the aquifer holds is under pressure, so water will flow to the surface from a well without pumping. | Artesian |
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