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Unit 2-Chapter 6
Integumentary System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Where is thick skin found on the body? | Palms of hands, soles of feet |
| List the layers of the skin from superficial to deep. | The skin consists of 2 layers: the outer layer is the epidermis and the inner layer is the dermis. |
| Name the major (primary) tissue types found in the layers of the skin. | The epidermis, the outer layer, consists of epithelial tissue. The dermis, the inner layer, consists of connective tissue. |
| Name the tissues in the subcutaneous layer beneath the skin. | The subcutaneous layer contains areolar connective tissue and adipose tissue. |
| What are the functions of the subcutaneous layer? | The subcutaneous layer binds the skin to the deeper organs, insulates the body from heat loss, and supplies the skin with major blood vessels for nutrient and oxygen delivery. |
| Describe the composition of the epidermis | The epidermis consists of stratified squamous epithelium and lacks blood vessels. |
| Distinguish between the stratum basale and the stratum corneum. | stratum basale: innermost layer of the epidermis. thin layer of dividing cells, nourished by blood vessels of the dermis. stratum corneum: outermost layer of the epidermis. many layers of dead, flattened, dehydrated, densely packed, keratinized cells. |
| How does the structural organization of the epidermis differ in the palms and soles compared to other areas of the body? | The thick skin of the palms and soles contains 5 layers in the epidermis, while other areas of skin consist of 4 layers. |
| Identify the cause of a pressure ulcer, and describe preventive measures that reduce the chance of developing a pressure ulcer. | pressure ulcer occurs when the blood supply from the dermis to the epidermis is blocked Preventive measures include frequently changing body positions and massaging the skin to stimulate blood flow |
| What role do dendritic and tactile cells play in the skin? | Dendritic cells help protect the skin against infection. |
| List the protective functions of the epidermis. | The epidermis protects against: microbial invasion (bacteria, viruses), harmful chemicals, ultraviolet radiation from the sun, physical damage, dehydration (water loss), and regulates temperature by preventing excessive heat loss |
| What is the function of melanin? | Melanin is a pigment that absorbs ultraviolet radiation from sunlight, protecting the DNA of skin cells from damage and mutation. It is also the main factor that determines skin color |
| How do genetic factors influence skin color? | Genes control the amount of melanin the melanocytes produce. The distribution and size of melanin granules also influence skin color. The more melanin produced, the darker the skin will be. |
| Which environmental factors influence skin color? | Exposure to sunlight, UV light from sunlamps, or X-rays increase melanin production and darken melanin granules that are already present. |
| How do physiological factors influence skin color? | Oxygen content and the state of vasodilation of blood vessels of dermal blood also influences skin color; oxygen-rich blood and dilated blood vessels produce a pinkish tone, and oxygen-poor blood appears bluish through the skin. Albinism condition |
| How do fingerprints form? | Genetics play a role in general patterns of fingerprints. Fingerprints form from ridges in the dermal papillae, begins when a fetus presses against the wall of the uterus - papillary minutiae |
| What are the layers of the dermis (from superficial to deep), and what type of connective tissue is found primarily in each layer? | dermis consists of 2 layers: the outer, thinner papillary layer, and the inner, thicker reticular layer. The papillary layer consists of areolar connective tissue, and the reticular layer consists of dense irregular connective tissue. |
| Identify the structures found in the dermis. | dermis contains smooth muscle fibers, blood vessels that supply the skin, sensory and motor nerve cell processes, sensory receptors, and accessory structures, such as nails, hair follicles, sweat glands, and sebaceous glands. |
| What are the functions of the dermis tissues? | these tissues collectively function to support and protect the skin, provide elasticity, regulate temperature, and facilitate sensation through nerve endings |
| What is the most actively growing region of the nail? | Nail matrix a thickened region at the proximal end of the nail bed |
| Describe the structure of the nail bed. | thin layer of skin under the hardened nail plate, epithelial cells are continuous with those of the nearby skin. dividing cells of the nail matrix develop a large amount of keratin, forming keratinized scales that are incorporated into the nail plate |
| Explain how a hair forms. | hair: from stem cells inside of the epidermis (hair follicle) stem cells divide/grow, older cells push out, growing hair nourished by blood vessels, connective tissue that projects into the base (hair papilla) cells migrate and form hair shaft |
| What produces goose bumps? | arrector pili muscle connects deep portion of epidermis to the base of hair follicle. cold temperature/emotional upset the arrector pili muscles contract, causing the hair follicles to stand on end, causes goose bumps. |
| What is the function of the sebaceous glands? | Sebaceous glands produce a fatty substance called sebum, which is released into hair follicles. Sebum helps to keep the skin and hair soft, relatively waterproof, and pliable. |
| Distinguish between merocrine sweat glands and apocrine sweat glands. | Merocrine: numerous, and abundant on the forehead, neck and back. produce sweat on the palms and soles. Apocrine: stimulated by emotional upset, fear, pain, or sexual arousal. both sweat by exocytosis |
| What, besides body temperature regulation, are some functions of the skin? | The skin acts a protective covering and a barrier against microorganisms. It also houses sensory receptors, plays a role in vitamin D production, produces melanin pigment to protect against UV radiation, and helps to heal wounds. |
| What are the modified apocrine glands, and where are they located? | modified sweat glands are the mammary glands, in the breast and ceruminous glands in the ear canal/ear wax. Cerumen helps protect the ear from entry of microorganisms, and prevents infection. |
| How is body heat produced? | Body heat is produced by cellular metabolism as it breaks down food particles, particularly in the skeletal and cardiac muscle cells. |
| How does the body lose excess heat? | Heat loss occurs through vasodilation of dermal blood vessels, which sends more blood to the skin surface; heat is then released to the environment through the skin, by the processes of radiation, conduction, convection, and evaporation of sweat. |
| How does the skin help regulate body temperature? | When body temperature rises above the set point, dermal blood vessels dilate so heat escapes to the outside of the body, and sweat glands produce sweat that evaporates from the surface of the skin and cools the body. |
| What is the tissue response to inflammation? | When tissue experiences inflammation, the response involves increased blood flow to the area, causing redness and heat, resulting in swelling, pain, and potentially loss of function |
| How does a scab slough off? | The scab sloughs off as epidermal tissue is replaced and migrates outward, just like normal migration and shedding of normal tissue of the epidermis. |
| Explain the role of phagocytic cells in wound healing. | Phagocytic cells help heal wounds by engulfing and destroying pathogens, and removing dead body cells and debris from the area. |
| Which type of burn is most likely to leave a scar? Why? | (third degree) burn is most likely to leave a scar, because most of the epithelial cells have been destroyed and healing from the cells on the margins is not very effective. The fibroblasts and collagen framework are also destroyed in this type of burn. |
| What is the function of an allograft in treating a burn? | An allograft is a graft from another person. To help treat a large burn (temp covering) , a skin allograft from a cadaver may be used. |
| How is the estimated extent of burned body surface determined? | The rule of nines divides the surface of the skin into areas of 9% or multiples of 9. |
| What changes occur with age in the epidermis and dermis? | With age, the epidermis thins, and its cells become larger, more irregular, and fewer in number. Age spots, loss of elastic and collagen fibers, slower wound healing, dry skin |
| Why do older people have more difficulty controlling body temperature than do younger people? | Older people have difficulty controlling body temperature because of a decline sweat glands, capillaries that supply blood. ability to shiver declines, and fewer deep blood vessels |
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