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Gentics- Unit 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Define Genetics | Science of heredity Explains the mechanism that determines inheritance of traits |
| Who discovers the basic principles of genetics? | Gregor Mendel |
| What is the first principle of genetics? | Variation is widespread in nature / evolving diversity |
| What is the second principle of genetics? | Observation variation / essential for following genes from generation to generation |
| What is the third principle of genetics? | Variation is inherited by genetic laws |
| What is the fourth principle of genetics? | Apply to all sexually reproducing organisms |
| What was Gregor Mendel's Paper called? | "Experiments in plant hybrids" 1866 |
| What are some key reasons why the pea experiments worked? | Pure breeding lines / cross - fertilization / selfing / large numbers of offspring / constant / inheritance of alternative forms (purple OR white) |
| Define Dominant Traits | Traits that appears in F1 progeny |
| Define Recessive Traits | Traits that are hidden in F1 progeny |
| Define Alleles | Alternative forms of a single gene |
| What does Monohybrids mean? | Individuals with two different alleles for single trait |
| Explain Gametes | Specialized cells (eggs/sperm) that carry genes across generations |
| What is a phenotype? | An observable characteristic (yellow/green) |
| Define Genotype | Set of alleles in an individuals for given phenotypes (YY) |
| Homozygote | Two IDENTICAL alleles (YY or yy) |
| Heterozygote | Two DIFFERENT alleles (Yy) |
| Define the 1st law of segregation | The two alleles for each trait separate during gamete formation |
| Define the 2nd law of segregation | The gametes, one from each parent, unite, at random at fertilization |
| Produces two kinds of gametes in a 1:1 ratio | F1 |
| 3:1 ratio - 1/4 breed true for dominant traits - 1/4 breed for recessive traits - 1/2 hybrids | F2 |
| What is Product Rule? | Probability of two independent events occurring together is the product of their individual probabilities |
| P(1 AND 2) = ? | Probability of event 1 x probability of event 2 |
| What is Sum Rule? | Probability of either of the mutually exclusive events occurring is the sum of their individual probabilities |
| P(1 OR 2)=? | Probability of event + probability of event 2 |
| Dihybrid cross produces- ? | Both parental types and recombinant types |
| Independent assortment in crosses of F1 dihybrids produces - ? | A 9:3:3:1 phenotype ratio |
| The number of different gametes = ? | 2^n (n = # of different traits) |
| What are some most common single-gene trait caused by recessive alleles in humans? | Thalassemia / Sickle cell anemia / Cystic fibrosis / Tay Sachs disease / PKU |
| What are some most common single-gene trait caused by dominant alleles in humans? | Hypercholesterolemia and Huntington Disease |
| What does the non-colored square, circle, and diamond? | Unaffected male, female, and sex unspecified |
| What does the colored square, circle, and diamond? | Affected male, female, and sex unspecified |
| What does a square, circle, and diamond with a line through it mean? | Deceased male, female, and sex unspecified |
| What does a double line between square and circle mean? | Consanguineous mating |
| A vertical pattern of inheritance indicates a -? | Rare dominant trait like Huntington disease |
| What are the two things needed for a rare dominant trait disease? | Affected person was at least one affected parent Mating between affected person / unaffected person is testcross |
| Damages even when normal protein is present | Dominant Trait Disease |
| A horizontal pattern of inheritance indicates a -? | Rare Recessive Trait like cysti fibrosis |
| What are the two things needed for a rare dominant trait disease? | Pattern of affect individuals are unaffected but are heterozygous (carries) |
| The children of two unaffected carries (recessive) usually happens through what? | Consanguineous Mating (they end up with affect kids) |
| Two affected parents (recessive) = ? | All children affected |
| Black individuals produce enough CF for normal lung function | Heterozygous |
| Affected children (Dom) always have at least -? | One affected parent |
| Two affected parents (Dom) can produce unaffected children, how? | They both need to be heterozygotes |
| Using a modern approach to experimentation, Mendel "?" the matings and the environment of the plants. | Controlled |
| Mendel was the first person to study inheritance in a "?'" manner. | Quantitative |
| As in a modern approach, Mendel studied one characteristic at a time to start with, meaning that he studied "?" | One Variable |
| One of the important aspects of the research of de Vries, Correns, and von Tschermak was that they could independently "?'" Mendel's results. | Reproduce |
| Mendel studied "?" traits, which exist in only two forms. | Discrete |
| In a pedigree, what does a vertical inheritance pattern for a disease likely indicate about the alleles that cause the disease? (Rare and common refer to the human population.) | Rare dominant alleles |
| Pollen from a white-flowered plant fertilizes an egg from the same plant. | Self fertilization |
| Pollen from a tall plant is brushed onto the stigma of a short plant. | Cross-fertilization |
| Choosing parents for mating to obtain desirable traits in the next generation. | Artificial Selection |
| Pollen from a plant with round pods is used to fertilize an egg from a plant with pinched pods and pollen from a plant with pinched pods is used to fertilize an egg from a plant with round pods. | Reciprocal crosses |
| Ss Rr x Ss Rr | Phenotypic ratio of progeny will be 9:3:3:1 |
| Ss Rr x ss rr | Phenotypic ratio of progeny will be 1:1:1:1 |
| ss Rr x Ss Rr | Phenotypic ratio of progeny will be 3:3:1:1 |
| Ss x ss | Phenotypic ratio of progeny will be 1:1 |
| Ss x SS | Phenotypic ratio of progeny will be 1 |
| Ss x Ss | Phenotypic ratio of progeny will be 3:1 |
| SS Rr x SS rr | Probability of an SS offspring is 100% Probability of an SS Rr offspring is 50% |
| SS RR x Ss rr | Probability of an ss Rr offspring is 25% Genotypic ratio is 1:2:1 |
| n the 1800s, one hypothesis was that the "?" carried a fully formed fetus called a homunculus. | sperm |
| Mendel was able to "?" his hypothesis. | Disprove |
| The critical experiments performed to test this hypothesis were "?" crosses. | Reciprocal |
| Mendel's crosses demonstrated that progeny phenotype "?" on the phenotype of the male parent. | Does not always depend |
Created by:
PlantKid80
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