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Chapter 3
Terms for chapter 3
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| earthquake | The shaking that results from the movement of rock beneath Earth's surface. |
| stress | A force that acts on rock to change its shape or volume. |
| shearing | Stress that pushes a mass of rock in opposite directions. |
| tension | Stress that stretches rock so that it becomes thinner in the middle. |
| compression | Stress that squeezes rock until it folds or breaks. |
| deformation | A change in the volume or shape of Earth's crust. |
| fault | A break in Earth's crust where slabs of rock slip past each other. |
| strike-slip | A type of fault where rocks on either side move past each other sideways with little up or down motion. |
| reverse | A type of fault where the hanging wall slides upwards. |
| normal | A type of fault where the hanging wall slides downwards; caused by tension in the crust. |
| folds | A bend in rock that forms where part of Earth's crust is compressed. |
| fault-block mountain | A mountain that forms where a normal fault uplifts a block of rock. |
| anticline | An upward fold in rock formed by compression of Earth's crust. |
| syncline | A downward fold in rock formed by compression of Earth's crust. |
| focus | The point beneath Earth's surface where rock breaks under stress and causes an earthquake. |
| epicenter | The point on Earth's surface directly above an earthquake's focus. |
| seismic waves | A vibration that travels through Earth carrying the energy released during an earthquake. |
| P Waves | A type of seismic waves that compressed and expands the ground. (Primary Wave) |
| S Waves | A type of seismic waves that moves the ground up and down or side to side (Secondary Wave) |
| Surface Waves | A type of seismic waves that forms when P waves and S waves reach Earth's surface. |
| Seismograph | A device that records ground movements caused by seismic waves as they move through Earth. |
| Mercalli Scale | A scale that rates earthquakes according to their intensity and how much damage they cause. |
| Richter Scale | A scale that rates seismic waves as measured by a a particular type of mechanical seismograph. |
| Moment Magnitude Scale | A scale that rates earthquakes by estimating the total energy released by an earthquake. |
| Liquefaction | The process by which an earthquakes's violent movement suddenly turns loose soil into liquid mud. |
| Afterschock | An earthquake that occurs after a larger earthquake in the same area. |
| tsunami | A large wave produced by an earthquake on the ocean floor. |
| base-isolated building | A building mounted on bearings designed to absorb the energy of an earthquake/=. |
| drop, cover, and hold | This is what you should do in the case of an earthquake emergency. |
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