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Topic 3, all ex.
topic 3 - Waves and EMS, contains all experiences
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Salinity | the dissolved salt content of a body of water |
| salinity and density's relationship? | When salinity increases, density decreases (direct relationship) |
| Oceans are responsible for? | regulating climate and the reason that temperatures don’t fluctuate in extreme amounts |
| the difference between how the land and the oceans deal with solar energy? | land absorbs and release solar energy faster in comparison to ocean |
| Ocean Currents | streams of water flowing constantly in the ocean Brings in salt and other minerals to land |
| The Gulf Stream | a warm swift current in the Atlantic Ocean that flows from the Gulf of Mexico along the eastern coast of the USA, Responsible for warming the east coast in the winter. Hurricanes follow this path because of the warm water |
| Warm water currents | bring warm, moist air to the surrounding areas, which causes higher temperatures |
| Cold water currents | bring cool, dry air to the surrounding areas, which causes lower temperatures. |
| Surface currents | Stirs the surface level of the ocean Caused by wind, tides, continental deflection and Coriolis Effect control the motion of the top 10% of the ocean’s water |
| Gyres | winds + currents move clockwise (north hemisphere) and counter clockwise (south hemisphere) |
| Coriolis Effect | The path of ocean currents and wind appear to be curved due to Earth's rotation on its axis causes the winds to curve as air travels from warm areas to cooler areas |
| Deep currents | Located at the deeper levels of the ocean cold, dense and salty water travel extremely slow drive the motion of 90% of the ocean’s water |
| what does solar energy do? | drives ocean currents and heats them (creating convection currents) |
| Surface currents and deep-ocean currents relationships? | have different causes but influence each other |
| how does the ocean regulate temperature | The ocean steals warm water from the equator and brings it to the colder regions, also steal cold water from the poles to bring back to the warmer regions |
| ocean currents and wind distribute heat how? | from the sun through convection |
| as water freezes, what does it do? | it leaves behind salt which makes water near the poles saltier |
| Weather | Short-term condition of the atmosphere at a particular time and place Gives info about: temperature, humidity levels, precipitation, and wind |
| Humidity | A measure of how much water vapor is in the air |
| Front | A boundary between 2 air masses air masses usually don’t mix, but when they do, they cause severe weather |
| Extreme weather | Weather that can do damage |
| Thunderstorms | Warm air rises, carrying water vapor, which cools and forms droplets, creating clouds. This process continues, leading to thunderclouds (cumulonimbus). High in the atmosphere, the water condenses into ice (hail) or melts into rain. |
| lightning | a discharge from a cumulonimbus cloud, from ice + cloud + rain rubbing together to form a discharge |
| Climate | General and average type of weather a location has over a long period of time Described by: temperature + precipitation Affected by: ocean currents, winds, latitude, elevation (mountains), and dry/moist air, |
| Precipitation | Water falling back down to Earth’s surface (can be in a form of rain, snow, sleet, or hail) |
| climate is not only determined by temperature, but also by... | precipitation So within each climate zone, you can have different climate regions that are determined by precipitation |
| what are the climate zones? | called biomes: deserts, Plains, and Rainforests |
| deserts | precipitation levels are extremely low, occurs in any climate zone Ex. sahara desert (tropical zone), antarctica (polar zone) |
| Plains | a place where there is not enough moisture to support a rainforest Ex. Serengeti Plains (savanna) |
| Rainforests | precipitation levels are extremely high, occurs in any climate zone Ex. amazon rainforests |
| Latitude | The distance a place is from the equator |
| the equator receives the most year-round solar energy (aka sunlight) so... | the closer the place is to the equator, the warmer The farther the place is from the equator, the colder |
| what are the 3 Major Climate Zones | Tropical, Temperate, and Polar |
| what are the other climate zones (not the main ones) | Continental and Arid |
| Tropical | tends to be hot |
| Temperate | tends to have moderate temperatures + moderate amounts of precipitation, have highly variable weather (has 4 clearly defined seasons) |
| Polar | tends to be cold |
| Continental | tends to be hotter than polar but colder than temperate. Precipitation similar all year round |
| Arid | not much precipitation, temp around tropical + temperate |
| How do mountains affect climate? | The higher you go, the colder it gets (elevation) Mountains also creates rain shadows |
| rain shadows | When air travels over a mountain, it rises and cools, causing precipitation (rain or snow). By the time it descends on the other side, it is dry. This creates a rain shadow, where one side receives plenty of water while the other gets very little. |
| Ocean currents | Bring warm + cold water to different places around the world |
| types of ocean currents | warm ocean currents and cold ocean currents |
| Warm ocean currents | bring warm water to the surrounding areas, which causes higher temperatures. |
| Cold ocean currents | bring cool water to the surrounding areas, which causes lower temperatures. |
| what is the difference between climate + weather? | Weather is describing what is occurring at a specific location at a specific time whereas climate describes what is occurring over a long period of time |
| Solar Energy | Energy in the form of electromagnetic waves that travel from the sun to Earth |
| Air pressure | A measure of how strongly Earth’s atmosphere pushes down on a given area |
| Wind | Movement of air from an area of high pressure to low pressure across Earth’s surface |
| Wind belt | A group of winds that occur between certain latitudes |
| wind is caused by? | The sun. it warms up the air near the earth causing the warm air to rise. The warm air is replaced with cool air, causing wind |
| Prevailing Winds | The equator tends to get more direct sunlight, causing it to have more warm air that rises. The cold air from the poles rushes in towards the equator to replace the warm air. |
| Jet stream | A wind belt around the earth near the equator, one jet stream per hemisphere. Moves west to east |
| Trade Winds | Mild, constant winds that blow towards the equator from the Northeast or Southeast |
| Doldrums | A calm area where the trade winds meet, where there is hardly any wind at all |
| Local Winds | Winds particular to certain countries/areas |
| poles tend to receive less _____ and are ____ | direct sunlight and are cooler |
| Areas near the equator tend to receive more ______ and are ______ | direct sunlight and are hotter. |
| In the atmosphere, air moves because of... ? | convection (Warmer, less dense air rises and Cooler, denser air sinks) |
| Air Pressure | how strongly the air presses down on an area |
| Low Pressure | when warm air rises (low air pressure) |
| High Pressure | when cold air rushes and replaces the warm air |
| Global winds | occur because Earth's surface is heated unevenly (equator is hotter than the poles) |
| Air pressure is...? | much lower at the equator |
| As winds blow over the surface of the ocean, they? | drag the water along, causing surface currents. |
| Coriolis Effect | When global winds curve from the poles to the equator due to Earth’s rotation (west to east) |
| Wind Belts | A group of winds that occur between certain latitudes, are unnamed from the direction they are blowing from |
| In order to get a forecast, you can look at what aspects? | wind speed and wind direction |
| wind | air moving across Earth's surface |
| wind speed | is how fast it is |
| wind direction | tells you which direction the wind blows from |
| Air Pressure | force exerted by air pushing down on an area as gravity pulls the air towards Earth |
| Precipitation | includes rain, snow, hail, and sleet |
| Humidity | the amount of water vapor in the air in the air ex. rainforests have high humidity, but deserts have low humidity. |
| Weather | a measure of how warm or cold the air is at a specific place and time |
| Air mass | a large volume of air in the atmosphere that has about the same temperature and humidity throughout |
| affected by what areas of Earth's surface they form over | |
| areas of Earth's surface | Continental Artic, Maritime polar, Continental polar, Maritime tropical, and Continental tropical |
| Continental Arctic | very cold, dry |
| Maritime polar | cold, moist |
| Continental polar | cold, dry |
| Maritime tropical | warm, moist |
| Continental tropical | hot, dry |
| Fronts | boundaries between two different air masses, and they play a significant role in weather changes. |
| Warm Front | When a warm air mass moves over a colder one, the warm air gradually rises, creating layered clouds (stratus) and often leading to steady precipitation or fog. As the front passes, warmer air and clearer skies follow. |
| Cold Front | A cold air mass undercuts a warm air mass, causing the warm air to rise rapidly and leading to the formation of cumulonimbus clouds, showers, or thunderstorms. Cooler, clearer conditions usually follow after the front passes. |
| Stationary Front | When two air masses are not strong enough to push each other, they create a stationary front. This can result in prolonged periods of cloudiness, fog, and steady rain or drizzle. shown as alternating cold + warm front symbols |
| Occluded Front | In an occluded front, a cold front overtakes a warm front, lifting the warm air off the ground. This can lead to complex cloud patterns and precipitation, often heavy rain. shown as a purple symbol |
| High Pressure areas | Winds blow from high-pressure areas to areas with lower pressure, usually has clear skies, Blue Hs symbolize high pressure areas |
| Low Pressure areas | tend to experience winds and cloudy, stormy weather. Red Ls symbolize low pressure areas. |
| Air Masses | Air masses are large bodies of air that have same temperature, humidity, and pressure. These air masses can influence the formation of clouds, rain, fog, dew, and frost based on how they interact with the surrounding environment. |
| Clouds | Clouds form when warm, moist air rises, cools, and condenses. This can happen when a warm air mass meets a cold air mass, forcing the warm air to rise (common in warm fronts). |
| Rain | Rain often occurs when clouds become saturated with moisture, and water droplets coalesce enough to fall as precipitation. This is common at fronts, where warm air rises, cools, and leads to cloud formation and eventually rainfall. |
| Fog | Fog forms when the air near the ground cools and condenses, usually when moist air from an air mass moves over a cooler surface. This can happen in the aftermath of a cold front or in stable conditions. |
| Dew/Frost | Dew forms when moist air cools at night to the dew point, allowing water vapor to condense on surfaces. Frost forms in the same way but occurs when temperatures are below freezing. |
| difference between dew and frost formations | difference lies in temperature: |
| Dew Formation | Dew forms when a surface cools at night to the dew point, causing water vapor to condense into tiny droplets on surfaces like grass or leaves. This process occurs without needing the temperature to fall below freezing. |
| Dew & Air Masses | Dew forms when moist air cools overnight to the dew point, causing condensation. Warm, humid air increases nighttime humidity, raising dew formation chances. |
| Dew & Fronts | After a warm front passes, humidity increases, allowing air to cool at night and reach the dew point, creating dew. Stationary fronts can cause dew due to extended cloudiness and moist air. when the clouds clear at night, cooling and condensation occur |
| what conditions are good for dew? | Clear skies and stable conditions, especially after a warm front, are good for dew because there is minimal air movement. |
| Fog | forms when water vapor in the air condenses into droplets, creating a thick layer that reduces visibility. This occurs when the air cools to the dew point, the temp where it becomes saturated with moisture, leading to condensation and suspended droplets. |
| what conditions do fog form in? | usually forms in calm, cool conditions, particularly at night or early in the morning when temperatures drop, allowing the air to cool and reach saturation near the surface. |
| Frost Formation | Frost forms when temperatures drop below freezing (32°F or 0°C), causing water vapor to change directly from gas to solid ice crystals on surfaces through deposition. It appears as a thin, white layer of ice on grass, windows, or roofs. |
| Frost & Air Masses | Frost forms like dew but occurs when temperatures drop below freezing. A cold air mass can lower nighttime temperatures, and clear skies with calm winds promote heat loss from the surface, resulting in frost on cold mornings. |
| Frost & Fronts | After a cold front passes, colder, drier air moves in, leading to a rapid drop in temperature at night, especially with clear skies. This creates ideal conditions for frost to form, as the cool air and lack of cloud cover allow heat to escape quickly. |
| rain | Warm air rises as the Sun heats the Earth's surface. the air cools, leading to condensation and cloud formation. Tiny droplets in the clouds combine to form larger ones, which fall as rain when heavy enough. |
| Hurricane | a hurricane is a type of storm that forms over the open ocean. for it to gain strength, it requires low winds, high humidity, annd sea surface temps of at least 26 C |
| tropical cyclone | form in the tropics over water that is at least 27°C (80°F). storm system with a very low-pressure center and strong winds |
| what makes a tropical cyclone stronger and weaker? | Warm water makes cyclones stronger, while cold water will weaken the storm. |
| how does a tropical cyclone form? | Warm water heats the air mass above it, causing it to rise and form an area of lower air pressure. Air rises and cools, causing water vapor to condense into clouds and form thunderstorms. When winds pass 120 km/h, the storm is a tropical cyclone. |
| The hole in the center of a tropical cyclone is | the center of low pressure around which the storm rotates |
| Step 1 of a formation of a tropical cyclone | Thermal energy in warm ocean water drives the development of the tropical cyclone. Warm water heats the air above. The warm, moist air rises |
| Step 2 of a formation of a tropical cyclone | Warm, humid air rises and forms clouds. This causes the air pressure to decrease. Higher-pressure air rushes in. Winds begin to spiral inward and up. |
| Step 3 of a formation of a tropical cyclone | Air pressure gets lower and the tropical cyclone gets bigger and stronger. Bands of very intense winds and heavy rain rotate around the center of the storm |
| A tropical cyclone that forms in the Atlantic Ocean or the northeast Pacific Ocean is called? | a hurricane. tend to make landfall in the Americas. |
| In the South Pacific or Indian Oceans, the storm is called? | a tropical cyclone. can make landfall in Australia and parts of East Africa. |
| In the northwest Pacific Ocean, the storm is called? | a typhoon. can make landfall in East Asia. |
| No matter what they are called, tropical cyclones all form...? | the same way. |
| Meteorologists classify all tropical cyclones into five categories based on...? | their wind speeds. The strongest tropical cyclone, a Category 5, has wind speeds of 253 km/h or higher |
| hurricanes form with what conditiions | requires low winds, hiigh humidity, and sea surface temps of at least 26 degrees C |
Created by:
aye.grace
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