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Unit 2-Chapter 4
Cellular Metabolism
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the general functions of anabolism and catabolism? | Anabolism: chemical bonds formed, producing larger molecules that are used for growth and repair. These reactions require energy. Catabolism: large nutrient molecules are decomposed into smaller ones, by breaking chemical bonds. |
| Catabolic reactions | process of digestion, and provide the energy and building blocks needed for anabolism. |
| What type of molecule is formed by the anabolism of monosaccharides? | Anabolism of monosaccharides produces long chains of glucose, forming glycogen in animals and starch in plants. |
| What type of molecule is formed by the anabolism Of glycerol and fatty acids? | When glycerol and 3 fatty acids bond together, they form triglycerides. |
| What type of molecule is formed by the anabolism Of amino acids? | When anabolic reactions join amino acids together, dipeptides, polypeptides, and proteins are produced. Dipeptides contain 2 amino acids, and proteins contain 100 or more amino acids. |
| Distinguish between dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis. | Dehydration synthesis: an anabolic reaction, Buildup of larger molecules by removal of water Hydrolysis: Splitting larger molecules into smaller molecules with water |
| Explain how an enzyme controls the rate of a metabolic reaction. | An enzyme is a protein catalyst; it lowers the activation energy for a chemical reaction, enabling it to proceed much faster by binding to the reactant molecules (called substrates) |
| Describe how an enzyme “recognizes” its substrate. | A substrate is the specific type of molecule that a certain enzyme can act on. The enzyme recognizes its substrate by the unique 3-dimensional shape, or conformation of the enzyme. |
| Explain how a rate-limiting enzyme illustrates negative feedback. | a regulatory enzyme controls metabolic pathway, the first enzyme in the pathway. The final product has an inhibitory effect slows down its own production. The increase in product, decreases the production, is negative feedback. |
| What is an enzyme? | An enzyme is a biological catalyst and is almost always a protein. |
| What is cellular metabolism? | Cellular metabolism refers to the complex network of chemical reactions that occur within a cell to maintain life |
| What is the role of a cofactor? | a cofactor acting as a "helper molecule" by binding to the enzyme and providing necessary chemical groups or structural support to enable the enzyme to catalyze a reaction |
| What is the role of a coenzyme? | A coenzyme is an organic molecule that acts as a helper molecule for enzymes |
| List factors that can denature enzymes. | Enzymes can be denatured by exposure to excess heat, radiation, electricity, certain chemicals, and fluids with extreme pH values. |
| What is energy? | Energy is the ability to change something or perform work. |
| Define cellular respiration. | Cellular respiration is the transfer of chemical energy from molecules that store it in their bonds to molecules that use it to power the activities of the cell. |
| How does cellular oxidation differ from burning? | Burning of a substance requires a large amount of energy to get it started, and much of the energy is lost as heat or light. Oxidation in the cells breaks down food molecules in chemical reactions called cellular respiration. |
| What is the general function of ATP in metabolism? | ATP is used in the cells to temporarily store energy; this energy can be transferred to other molecules when necessary to accomplish cellular work, such as active transport and anabolism. |
| What are the final products of cellular respiration? | The final products of cellular respiration are carbon dioxide, water, ATP and heat. |
| What fuel and gas are required for cellular respiration? | The main fuel used by the body is glucose, although the breakdown products of fats and proteins can also be used. Oxygen is the gas required for cellular respiration. |
| Distinguish the aerobic from the anaerobic reactions. | Aerobic reactions require oxygen and anaerobic reactions do not. |
| What are the three main events that occur in glycolysis? | - phosphorylation adds two phosphates to each glucose molecule. - glucose is split into two 3-carbon molecules. - NADH, an electron carrier, and ATP are produced, and two 3-carbon pyruvic acid molecules are formed. |
| State the products of glycolysis. | The products of glycolysis, when one glucose molecule is broken down, are 2 ATP and 2 pyruvic acid molecules. |
| What is the role of oxygen in cellular respiration? | In cellular respiration, oxygen acts as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain |
| Under what conditions does a cell produce lactic acid? | Lactic acid is produced under anaerobic (without oxygen) conditions. |
| State the products of the aerobic reactions. | The products of aerobic reactions are carbon dioxide, water, and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) |
| What is a benefit and a shortcoming of lactic acid formation? | A benefit of lactic acid formation is that NADH and H+ can give electrons and hydrogens back to pyruvic acid A shortcoming is that lactic acid build-up inhibits glycolysis, decreasing ATP production. |
| When oxygen is present, what reactions occur between glycolysis and the citric acid cycle? | The pyruvic acid produced in glycolysis enters the mitochondria. |
| List the products of the citric acid cycle. | -1 ATP is produced. -Eight H atoms containing high-energy electrons are transferred to NAD+ and FAD, to form NADH, H+, and FADH2. -Two molecules of CO2 are also produced |
| Explain the function of the electron transport chain. | transfers the electrons derived from the original glucose molecule to oxygen, forming water, to capture the energy of the electrons in the phosphate bonds of ATP molecules |
| What is the function of oxygen in cellular respiration? | In cellular respiration, oxygen acts as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain facilitating the production of ATP |
| Discuss fates of glucose other than cellular respiration. | Excess glucose can be converted into glycogen or lipids for storage. Glucose can also be converted into some of the amino acids. |
| Define genetic code. | the nucleotide triplets of DNA and RNA molecules that carry genetic information in living cells |
| Define gene. | The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring |
| Distinguish among gene, exome, and genome. | -gene is section of an organism’s genome that codes for one protein -exome is the portion of the genome that codes for proteins -genome is the entire set of genetic information held in the DNA of an organism |
| What is the structure of DNA? | A DNA molecule is a twisted double helix that consists of chains of nucleotides |
| Explain why DNA must replicate. | DNA must replicate, or copy itself, so that during cell division, each daughter cell receives a complete set of DNA |
| How is genetic information carried from the nucleus to the cytoplasm? | Messenger RNA carries the genetic information from the DNA in the nucleus to the protein synthesis machinery in the cytoplasm. |
| How does RNA differ from DNA? | DNA is double-stranded, while RNA is single-stranded. DNA contains the base, thymine, while RNA contains the base, uracil. DNA contains the sugar, deoxyribose, and RNA contains the sugar, ribose. |
| What is transcription? | Transcription involves copying the nucleotide sequence from DNA onto a molecule of messenger RNA (mRNA) |
| What is translation? | translation is the process by which a cell uses messenger RNA (mRNA) to create proteins. |
| What is protein synthesis? | Protein synthesis is the biological process by which cells create proteins, assembling amino acids into specific polypeptide chains based on instructions encoded in DNA |
| 30 Explain how gene expression is controlled. | Gene expression is regulated by the rate of mRNA transcription from DNA, and the rate at which mRNA is degraded by enzymes. |
| What is a mutation? | A mutation is a change in a DNA sequence, resulting from an error in DNA replication. This often involves the insertion of an incorrect nucleotide into a new DNA molecule. |
| How do mutations arise? | Mutations may be spontaneous, due to transient mispairing during DNA replication, or induced by exposure to certain chemicals or radiation, called mutagens. |
| How do mutations affect health or appearance? | Mutations affect the phenotype (health or appearance) by removing or altering the function of a specific protein. |
| Describe protections against mutation. | Repair enzymes can often remove incorrect nucleotides before they become part of the double-stranded DNA molecule and cause a mutation. |
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