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Biology II
Exam 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What types of tissues are found in plants? | Transport tissues: xylem (transports water and provides structural support), phloem (transports sugars) Barrier: epidermal cells Structural: schlerenchyma (tough & contain ligned), fibers, sclereids, collenchyma photosynthetic: parenchyma |
| What types of tissues are found in animals? | Barriers: epithelical cells, aphilal cells (barrier between inside/outside) Movement/signal: nervous, muscle Energy storage: adipose (loose connective tissues) |
| What are the differences between plant and animal cells? | Plants: have chloroplast and large vacules and cell walls Animals do not |
| How can tissues be organized into organs and organ systems within animals? | Organization levels: atomic and molecular level, cellular level , tissue level, organ level, organ system, organism (differen parts working together adding on to each layer) |
| What is the respiratory system? | Gas exchange (lung, tracheal, diffision across body) |
| What is the digestive system? | breaks down food and takes up nutrients (usable components) for energy and building blocks Complete moves through body has an entrence and exit incomplete entrence/exit is same |
| What is the cardiovascular system? | Circulation in order to move things within the body ( heart/veins/arteries) |
| What is the urinaryy system? | maintains fluid and electrolyte balance; and excretes certain waste (OSMOREGULATION) |
| What is the integumentary system? | outside barrier, and thermorgulation (skin) |
| What is the skeletal system? | Structural support, point of attachment fr muscles ( can be internal, exteral, hydrostatic) |
| What does the musclar system do? | Movement (muscles) |
| What is the endocrine system? | Hormonal signaling |
| What is the lymphatic system? | Return fluids to the blood, and aids immune |
| What is the nervous system? | Sense and processes information, controlling body actions (neurons/brain) |
| How can the tissue system be organized in plants? | Plant structure is modular and consist of roots, shoots, (leaves, stems) |
| What is the function of the roots in a plant? | anchor plant in substrate, absorb water, absorb nutrients, transport from soil to shoot, stabalizes stem, anchor stems to surface, pneumatophores allow gas exchange, storage of carbohydrates/nutrients |
| What is the function of the shoots (stems) in plants? | holds structure up/ transport, water storage, tubers store carbohydrates, thorns provide protection, stolons involved in sexual reproduction, rhizomes can produce new indvi. |
| What is the function of the shoots (leaves) in plants? | take up light, CO2, and photosynthesize, bulbs can be used as storage, succulents store water, tendrils aid in climbing, floral mimics attract pollinators |
| Why is growth in Animals determined and plants are indeterminate? | Animals have a set place on their body for limbs and features, with genes to express that. Whereas plants can continue to grow based on the nutrients and resources available to them, and do not have a predetermined amount of leaves/branches. |
| How do animals grow and develop? | Some grow in size by adding cells and enlarging their body, some shed outer covering to grow, developmental changes and growth are a part of matureation. |
| How do plants grow in length? | Plants grow from the tips of their shoots from either the top (tip maristem) or buds along the sides |
| How do woody plants increase in diameter? | By increasing the growth of xylem rings producing cork from the cork cambrium inside of the cortex |
| What is homeostasis? | the maintance of a chemical & physical condition in an organism at or near a specific point |
| What is an example of something an organism needs to maintain in homeostasis? | Thermoregulation by convection, conduction, radiation, evaporation |
| What is the importance of surface area to volume ratios in biological systems? | focusing on how long it will take something to go from the exterior of an structure to the interior. A high-surface area to volume ratio is a much smaller "cube" |
| How does surface area to volume ratio play a role in mass-specific metabolic rate? | mass-specific metabolic rate IS RELATED to size. smaller animals need more mass specific, but larger animals need to consume more calories (an elephant needs to eat more than a mouse, ut a mouse needs more of its % of body weight than an elephant) |
| What is water potential? | solute potential is the tendency of water to move by osmosis movement of water in relation to solutes) |
| Describe an understanding of water potential? | When cell is placed in PURE WATER, cell has a low solute potential relative to surroundings, no net movement of water into cell. Water potential is sum of solute potential and pressure potential. |
| What is diffusion? | process of solutes moving from high concentration to low concentration without the use of ATP |
| What is osmosis? | the movement of water across a cell membrane |
| What is Ficks Law? | rate of diffusion of a gas = k * A *(p2-p1)/D k=a constant (depends on gas and temp) A= area for diffusion D= distance (thickness of respiratory surface) P2 &P1 = the partial pressures of the gas in two locations |
| What is an example of Ficks Law? | -Sea level air pressure is 760 mm, O2 is 21% so the Hg particle pressure is 0.21 = 160mm Hg -Mt. Everst air pressure 250 mm Hg, O2 21%, 0.21 Hg particle pressure = 53 mm Hg |
| Why is it harder to get enough oxygen at higher altitudes rather than sea level? | Lower total air pressure lowers (P) oxygen, the lower (P) oxygen is the smaller difference between P2 & P1, the smaller the diffeence the slower the rate of diffusion |
| How does gasses enter plant cells? | simple diffusion, partake in photosynthesis, cellular respiration, roots need to do more cellular respiration |
| How does gasses enter animal cells? | Simple diffusion across respiratory surfaces |
| What are characteristics of the mammalian lung? | lungs expand and contract in response to changes in pressure inside the chest cavity, ventilatory forces can be modeled by a balloon on a jar |
| What are characteristics of the in insect trachaea? | made of tubes that are finer and finer so the types are in contact with cells throughout body, connected to spericalls allowing air to enter/exit |
| What are some characteristics of gills? | each gill holds many gill filaments, oxygen poor moves from the heart to the glls, and oxygen rich moves from the gills to the heart |
| What is the mechanism of movement in the xylem? | The endodermis has a waxy coating called the casparian strip which stops water flow and forces water and solutes to enter cells to reach the xylem |
| What theory supports the mechanism of movement in the xylem? | Cohesion-Tension Theory 1. H2O diffuses out of leaf 2. H2O evaporates inside leaf 3. H2O pulled forward in xylem as (2) 4. H2Opulled up Xylem 5. H2O pulled out of root cortex into xylem 6. H2O moves from soil -root-down water potential gradient |
| How does water potential work in the xylem? | water moves from higher water potential to a lower water potential |
| What is the mechanism of movement in the phloem? | Always moves from the source to the sink (photosynthetic leaves often source, and buds/growth is the sink) |
| What theory supports the mechanism of movement in the phloem? | Proton pumps in companion cell plasma membranes creates electrochemical gradient, used by symporter, transports H+ down their gradient used to move sucrose against its gradient |
| What is the direction of movement in the phloem? | Source to sink |
| What is an open circulatory system? | components: heart (pump), blood vessels open up and bathe tissues in fluid (hemolymph) blood collects in vessels and returned to the heart |
| What is a closed circulatory system? | Worms blood stays inside vessels; exchange across vessel walls lymph fluid surrounds tissues |
| What does the circulatory system move? | O2, CO2, nutrients, other waste |
| What is the mechanism of movement in the circulatory system? | Controlled by the pump of the heart moved through veins and artheries |
| How can plants decrease water loss? | Stomatas opening in response to blue light, and stomata close in response to ABA (abscisic acid) |
| What are some adaptations that plants have that help them decrease water loss? | C4 plants (corn) CAM plants: CO2 is stored at night and used during day (catcus) |
| How can aquatic (freshwater) organisms regulate water loss? | Organisms maintain an internal environment HYPEROSMOTIC to their surroundings evolution adaptations: excrete lots of dilute urine activity can take up electrolytes in gills |
| How can aquatic (saltwater) organisms regulate water loss? | Organisms maintain an internal environment HYPOOSMOTIC to their surroundings Loose water by osmosis and gain electrolytes by diffusion |
| What are methods that terrestrialarthopods use for osmoregulatio, prevent dehydration, and eliminate waste? | a) most of an insects surface is covered with wax b) spiracles can be closed to minimize water loss from tracheae |
| How does the kidney regulate reabsorption of water and ions | 1. Na+/K+ pump use ATP to create Na+ gradient 2. Na+/glucose, ion, vitiman contransporters recover solutes from pre-urine (Na+ gradient) 3. channels in basolatered pump Na+/K+ pump membrane allow solutes to reenter 4. Aquaporins recover water |
| What nutrients are essential in Plant and animal growth, structure, and metabolism? | Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), Oxygen (O), Nitrogen (N), Phosporus (P), Sulfur (S) |
| What macromolecules do proteins need? | C,O,H,N,S |
| What macromolecules do nucleic acids need? | C,O,H,N,P |
| What macromolecule do carbohydrates need? | C,O,H |
| What macromolecules do lipids need? | C,H |
| Why do plants and animals have some similar nutritional requirements but also have some which are different? | Plants: synthesize complex molecules. need CO2, usagble forms of nitrogen, usable forms of phosporus, and water. Animals: break down molecules they take in and use the components to make other molecules. Need proteins, carbs, lipids in diet |
| What impact does soil type have on nutrient availability to plants? | The plants need to have root penetration of soil, ability to anchor the plant, water retention, and availability of oxygen to allow for high amounts of nutrients to be present for the use of plants. |
| How do animals break down food and the molecules within their food? | Mechanical process happens in the mouth to chew food, salivary glands (jaw) work to digest carbohydrates, protein digestion; pepsinogen breaks down (stomach) chemical in small intestin, breakdown macromolecules, pancreas amylase (starch) |
| What is the importance of acidic conditions in the stomach? | to break down food, absorb nutrients, and protect against harmful bacteria |
| Why are digestion enzymes produced inactive by some cells? | The enzymes are produced and then remain inactive until needed by the body then "turn on" and become active. |
| Explain how and whre nutrient uptake occurs? | Small intestion is the site of absorption for nutrients. Bile salts (liver) emulsify fats pancreatic lipase breaks down fatty acids |
| How do cell structures and function related to nutrient uptake? | digestion of monoglycericles and fatty acids: fatty acid- binding protein bring lipis into cells lining small intestine, processed into chylomicrons then diffuse into lacteral of lymphsystem SURFACE AREA FOR ABSORPTION |
| How is homeostasis maintained? Blood glucose example** | Energy in = energy used Energy in < hunger Energy in > satiation high: pancreas secretes glucagon low: insulin |
| How do plants obtain various macro/micronutrients and what are their specific mechanisms? | Root hairs: transporting the ions ATP: establishes the electrochemical gradient K+ channel: been isolated and gene sequenced (-) ions: dissolved and readily available (+) ions: may be bound to soil particles |
| What is the relationship between plants and nitrogen-fixing bacteria? | Node formation (contain leghemoglobin) which bind oxygen maintain anaerobic conditions, allow nitrogenase (N2 fixation) pathway to function, O2 released for Celleular respiration |
| How is the relationship between plants and nitrogen-fixing bacteria initiated? | plant release flavonids and attract rhizobia, rhizobia proliferate inside root hairs and cause infection thread to form, grows into cortext, release rhizobia into cortex, nodule forms rapidly dividing |
| What is the relationship between plants and mycorrhizal fungi? | The mycorrhizal fungi help the plant have a higher uptake of N and P , and fungi can aquire nutrients otherwise not available to plants |
| What benefit do carnivorous plants obtain from consuming animals? | obtain nitrogen from the animals that may be limited otherwise |
| What do parasitic plants obtain from their host and how do they accomplish this? | ex: misletoe: relies on tree they grow on fro nutrients and water |
| How do the mutualisms between animals and photosynthetic organisms function with regard to animals nutrition? | Coral example: Coral appear to havve algae within their cells, coral bleaching causes algaeto die/leave cells |
| What is the importance of the gut microbiome in animals and humans? | metabolism & nutrient availability, immune response, colonize resistance to pathogens, inflammatory bowel disease, celiac disease,obesity, colorectal cancer, mental health |
| What is asexual reproduction? | genetically identical offspring, cloned off of the parrent |
| Why does asexual reproduction not produce viable offspring whereas sexual does? | With the changing environment, sexual reproduction allows for genetic diversity allowing for some of the offspring to survive if something happens |
| What type of environmental conditions would favor asexual reproduction? | Stable |
| How does sexual reproduction occur and how does it fit into the angiosperm lifecycle? | produces microspores-male gametophyte megaspores-female gametophyte then sperm meets egg and does double fertilzation |
| What is the function of pollination in the plant lifecycle? | when the pollen meets the egg in the ovary |
| What are the different mechanisms of pollination? | Dioecious: two houses: some have staminate flowers others have carpellate Monoecious: one house: either stamens or carpels in flower not both |
| What is the ecological importance of pollinators? | to transfer the pollen (sperm) from one plant to the female part of another plant, and impacts the biodiversity of the plants |
| How have plants and pollinators coevolved? | Plants are in specific colors and shapes to attract specific pollinators |
| What stage in the angiosperm life cycles is the seed? | embryo |
| What is the structure and function of a seed? | a reproductive unit of a plant, consisting of a plant embryo, a food storage tissue called the endosperm, and a protective outer layer called the seed coat |
| How are seeds adaptive to life on land? | providing a protective outer coat that prevents desiccation, storing nutrients for the developing embryo, and allowing for dispersal to new locations through wind, water, or animals, |
| How can seed dormancy be adaptive? | When the seeds become dormant they can wait until ideal conditions to sprout and grow, this allows people to keep seeds dormant in a vault |
| What is the function of fruits? | to protect and disperse seeds of a flowering plant |
| What types of fruits are there? | -simple fruit (cherry) single flower -aggregate fruit (blackberry) single flower many differnt carpels - multiple fruit (pineapple) many flowers |
| How does internal fertilization work? | 1. male has penis deposits into female reproductive tract 2. male produce spermatophore (package of sperm) placed in female reproductive tract |
| How does external fertilization work? | gametes meet each other in the environment (environmental cues) |
| How can environment make internal/external more effective than the other? | Internal: better in terrestrial environments embroyos do not dry out External: better for aquatic |
| What are the events ssociated with fertilization that allows a sperm and egg to fuse? | When sperm hits the eggs cell membrane it releases Ca+ which prevents other sperms from attaching to egg by causing a fertilization envelope |
| What are the main processes involved in early animal embroyonic development? | Clevage divisions, general processes- regulated cell movement, programed cell death, cell differentiation and cell-cell interactions |
Created by:
G_sage
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