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Chemistry of Life
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| atom | the smallest unit of matter that still retains the properties of an element, neutral charge, equal amount of protons and electrons |
| element | a substance that cannot be broken down into other substances by chemical reactions |
| proton | positively charged, subatomic particles, found in nucleus, mass of 1 amu |
| compound | two or more different elements combined in a fixed ratio to form molecules of a compound |
| atomic number | a number of protons within the nucleus of an atom, above symbol on periodic table |
| nucleus | central core of atom, contains protons and neutrons |
| isotope | all known elements have two or more variants that have the same atomic number but different mass numbers(different in number of neutrons) |
| neutron | electrically neutral subatomic particle, mass of 1 amu |
| polar | a molecule that has a region with a slight positive charge and a region with a slight negative charge; water |
| mass number | the sum of protons and neutrons in an atoms nucleus |
| electron | located in electron shell(s) around nucleus, negatively charged subatomic particles, about 0 amu |
| atomic mass/weight | average of all the relative mass numbers of all the isotopes of an element, taking into account their relative abundance |
| ionic bond | relatively weak chemical bond formed between oppositely charged ions, between metals and nonmetals, electrons are transferred |
| nonpolar | molecules that do not have any electrical charges or partial charges |
| ion | forms when an atom loses or gains electrons becoming electrically charged, charged atom |
| covalent bond | formed when two atoms charge one pair of electrons, between two nonmetals, strongest type of bond in a molecule |
| molecule | two or more atoms held together by chemical bond(s) |
| hydrogen bond | weak attraction between a hydrogen atom with a slightly positive charge and another atom with a negative charge(water to water) |
| how many electrons in first shell | 2 |
| how many electrons in second shell | 8 |
| how many electrons in third shell | 18 |
| octet rule | the number of electrons that can participate in bonding is still limited to a total of eight, atoms tend to share, gain, or lose electrons in their outer shell in order to have eight valence electrons(2 in first shell) |
| valence shell | outermost shell; participates in bonding |
| hydrogen atomic number | 1 |
| hydrogen mass number | 1 |
| nitrogen atomic number | 7 |
| nitrogen mass number | 14 |
| carbon atomic number | 6 |
| carbon mass number | 12 |
| oxygen atomic number | 8 |
| oxygen mass number | 16 |
| isotopes of carbon | carbon 12, 13, & 14 |
| compound: water or O2 | water |
| four most common elements in living things | oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen |
| mixture | a substance made by mixing other substances together. |
| solvent | the substance in which the solute is dissolved |
| base | a compound that accepts H+ and removes them from solution >7 |
| basic | solution that has a pH of more than 7 |
| hydroxide ion | makes solution acidic, negatively charged part of dissociated water |
| density | the quantity of something per unit volume, unit area, or unit length |
| cohesion | attraction of like substances |
| solution | a mixture in which one or more substances are uniformly distributed in another substance |
| pH scale | measures the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution |
| buffer | substances that minimized changes in pH, they buffer the pH |
| hydrogen ion | positively charged part of dissociated water |
| adhesion | attraction of unlike substances |
| solute | the substance dissolved in the solution |
| acid | a chemical compound that releases H+ into a solution |
| acidic | a solution with a pH of less than 7 |
| universal solvent | water dissolves many substances, dissolves any substance with a charge to form a solution |
| capillarity | water can be drawn up a thin tube against the forces of gravity using cohesion and adhesion |
| neutral | pH of 7 |
| high specific heat | refers to water's ability to absorb and retain heat energy before its temp changes |
| high surface tension | measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid; attraction of water molecules on the surface; makes water behave like its coated with an invisible film |
| expands when it freezes | freeze and organize, leaving gaps, lowering density, insulating ponds |
| capillary | having a very small bore |
| bore | the internal diameter of a tube |
| neutralization | mixing an acid and a base yields salt and water |
| salt | ionic compound containing ions cations other than H+ and anions other than OH- |
| cation | atom loses electron(s), has net positive charge |
| anion | atom gains electron(s), has a net negative charge |
| specific heat | amount of heat per unit mass required to change the temp |
| bond between hydrogen and oxygen in water | covalent |
| bond between water molecules | hydrogen |
| dissociation of water | the breaking apart of a water molecule, rare, creates -OH and +H |
| pH scale steps | 10 fold |
| energy | no mass, does not take up space, measured by the effects on matter; the ability to do work or put matter into motion, the greater the energy the more work done |
| chemical reaction | the making and/or breaking of chemical bonds, involves rearranging atoms, no atoms are created or destroyed |
| reactants | the starting materials that react in a chemical reaction |
| products | the end materials that are created in a chemical reaction |
| kinetic energy | energy of motion, moves objects |
| enzyme | a protein catalyst that speeds up chemical reactions |
| laws of thermodynamics | scientific laws which define a group of physical quantities(temp, energy, entropy) that characterize thermodynamic systems in thermodynamic equilibrium |
| exergonic reaction | energy-releasing reactions that make catabolism |
| endergonic reaction | energy-absorbing reactions that make anabolism |
| activation energy | the energy needed for a reaction to go forward |
| catalyst | speed's up the cell's chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy required without being permanentally changed in the reaction |
| potential energy | energy that is stored, inactive, obtained from location or structure |
| denature | due to extreme temp or pH, enzymes or proteins disrupt bonds, change shape, and are unable to bond with substrate |
| catabolism | reactions that break down molecules and release energy |
| anabolism | reactions that synthesize macromolecules and absorb energy |
| endergonic or exergonic; more likely to occur | exergonic |
| efficiency of energy transformations | inefficient, releases heat |
| how catalysts work | lower activation energy |
| chemical equation | representative of a chemical reaction |
| coefficients | the numbers preceding molecular formula in a chemical equation; reflects the relative amounts of each substance required for the equation |
| chemical reaction rate effecters | higher temp, higher concentration, lower particle size, adding enzyme, higher pH |
| dehydration synthesis | joins monomers to form a polymer, removes water |
| hydrolysis | breaks down polymers to form monomers, adds water |
| induced fit | the entry of the substrate induces the enzyme to change shape slightly, making the fit between the substrate in the active site possible |
| ATP | energy that is stored in chemical bonds, adenosine with three phospholipid tails, adenosine triphosphate |
| ADP | adenosine diphosphate, adenosine with two phosphate tails |
| carbohydrates | group of molecules, includes sugars and starches |
| monosaccharides | single or simple sugar, single ring structures, sweet taste, hydrophilic |
| dissaccharides | double sugars, two monosaccharides joined by oxygen bridge |
| polysaccharides | multiple sugars, multiple monosaccharides joined by oxygen bridges |
| active site | the region of an enzyme molecule which binds to the substrate; it has the shape and chemistry that fits the substrate |
| polymer | a large molecule consisting of many identical or similar molecular units, called monomers, covalently joined together in a chain |
| saturated fatty acid | fat, single bonds, lipid |
| functional groups | attached to carbon skeleton, small group of atoms give each organic molecules it's unique properties |
| protein | polymers of amino acids monomers |
| amino acid | Amino acids are organic compounds that contain both amino and carboxylic acid functional groups, 20 that are popular |
| protein types | fibrous and globular |
| protein functions | structural, storage, transport, contractile, and enzyme |
| peptide bond | bond between nitrogen and carbon when removing water between amino acids; covalent bond |
| polypeptide | a long chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds |
| substrate | the substances(reactants) an enzyme acts on |
| lipid | no polar, insoluble in water, contain carbon, hydrogen, and a tiny oxygen, include: fats & oils, phospholipids, steroids, and waxes |
| monomer | a chemical subunit that serves as a building block of a polymer |
| hydrophilic | water-loving |
| unsaturated fatty acid | oil, double bond(s), lipid |
| phospholipid | forms cell membrane, modified triglycerides, phosphorus-containing group replaces one of the fatty acid chains |
| wax | combination of fatty acids and alcohol chains, coats leaves and ears to prevent water loss |
| steroid | plays hormonal roles, four flat rings, sometimes found in cell membranes |
| glycerol | what is combined with three fatty acids to make triglyceride, carbon chain with hydrogen and hydroxyl functional groups; a modified 3-carbon sugar(sugar alcohol) |
| cellulose | forms cell walls in plants |
| glycogen | carbohydrate, stores energy, glucose, in animals |
| starch | carbohydrate, stores energy in plants |
| hydrophobic | water-fearing |
| organic vs. inorganic compound | organic compounds are hydrophobic, typically, and have carbon |
| amino acid example and structure | alanine with CH3 as variable group |
| basic structure of amino acid | central carbon, hydrogen, carboxyl, variable, amino |
| nucleic acid | macromolecules that store info and provide instructions for protein building, DNA, RNA, & ATP |
| structure of carbs | ring with branch of carboxyl with extra hydrogen, ring of four or five carbons, one oxygen in ring, branchs of hydroxyl, branches of hydrogen |
| sucrose | glucose + fructose |
| maltose | glucose + glucose |
| lactose | glucose + galactose |
| polysaccharides | starch, cellulose, glycogen |
| ending of amino acids | ine |
| ending of enzymes | ase |
| ending of carbs | ose |
| isomer | molecules with the same molecular formula but different structural formulas |
| functional groups examples | hydrogen, hydroxyle, carboxyl, amino, phosphate, methyl |
| what links amino acids | ribosomes |
| fibrous protein | strand like, insoluble, stable, skin and hair |
| globular protein | compact, spherical, soluble, easily misshapen, enzymes, antibodies |
| elements in nature | 92 |
| elements that are essential to the human body | 25 |
| four elements make up how much of the weight of the human body | 96% |
| conservation of energy | energy can't be created or destroyed, only transformed |
| electron shell | the space occupied by electrons, surrounds the nucleus of an atom |
| how many electrons shells are possible | 1-7 |
| where is the strongest attraction between electron and proton | closest to the nucleus |
| what electrons have the most potential energy | the ones farthest from the nucleus because it takes more energy to fight the pull get farther out, like falling to the center of the Earth due to gravity |
| crystals | large arrays of cations and anions held by ionic bonds |
| do inert elements form bonds | no because their valence shell is complete |
| vertical column on periodic table | same number of electrons in valence shell |
| horizontal rows on periodic table | same total number of electrons |
| staircase on periodic table | left is metals while right of it is nonmetals |
| symbol of slight charge | the Greek delta |
| aqueous solution | a solution where water is the solvent |
| dissolve | to cause to pass into solution |
| concentration | the measure of the amount of solute dissolved in a fixed amount of solution |
| dilute solution | a solution that has only a little solute dissolved in a certain amount of solution |
| concentrated solution | a solution that contains a large amount of solute relative to the amount that could be dissolved |
| are disaccharides too big to pass through cell membranes | yes, hydrolysis must occur |
| parts of nucleic acid | nucleotides |
| nucleotide parts | five-carbon sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogen containing base |
| forms of energy | chemical(ATP), electrical(reflects the movement of charged particles), mechanical(involved in moving matter), and radiant(light) |
| competitive inhibitors | chemicals that resemble an enzyme's normal substrate; they compete for the active site |
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