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Psychology notes

TermDefinition
Emotion Reaction to an event or situation.
Physiological response Body changes during emotional experiences.
Subjective feelings Personal interpretation of emotional experiences.
Expressive behaviour Outward expression of emotions through actions.
Physiological arousal Autonomic nervous system response to emotion.
Fight or Flight Response Automatic response to perceived threats.
Hippocampus Brain region for memory and emotion regulation.
Amygdala Brain's fear center, triggers fight or flight.
Thalamus Regulates emotions, sleep, and sensory processes.
Hypothalamus Converts emotions into physiological reactions.
James-Lange Theory Emotions arise from physiological responses.
Psychological wellbeing Study of human flourishing and strengths.
Mental health State of well-being and potential realization.
Mental illness Clinically significant disturbances in cognition or behavior.
DSM-5 Diagnostic manual for mental disorders, 541 categories.
Comorbidity Overlap between multiple mental disorders.
Cultural influences Cultural context shapes definitions of mental disorders.
Indigenous Australians Cultural considerations in mental health treatment.
Physical Development Changes in body and its systems.
Social Development Changes in relationships and interaction skills.
Cognitive Development Changes in mental abilities and processes.
Emotional Development Changes in experiencing and expressing feelings.
Lifespan Development Permanent changes from conception to death.
Stages of Lifespan Development Age-based divisions of human development.
Infancy Development stage from birth to two years.
Childhood Development stage from two to ten years.
Adolescence Development stage from ten to twenty years.
Early adulthood Development stage from twenty to forty years.
Middle age Development stage from forty to sixty-five years.
Older age Development stage from sixty-five years onward.
Continuous Development Gradual change without sudden shifts in development.
Discontinuous Development Development occurs in distinct, step-like stages.
Quantitative Changes Variations in amount of thoughts or behaviors.
Qualitative Changes Changes in type or quality of abilities.
Heredity Transmission of traits from parents via genes.
Environment Experiences and events influencing psychological development.
Nature vs Nurture Debate Discussion on heredity versus environment's role in development.
Adaptation Adjusting to changes through processing new information.
Assimilation Integrating new information into existing mental frameworks
Accommodation Modifying existing ideas to incorporate new information.
Schema Mental representation of objects and actions.
Sensorimotor Stage Infants learn through senses and motor activities.
Object Permanence Understanding objects exist even when unseen.
Pre-Operational Stage Children mentally represent objects and experiences.
Symbolic Thinking Using symbols to represent absent objects.
Egocentrism Inability to see perspectives other than one's own.
Animism Belief that inanimate objects have consciousness.
Transformation Understanding changes in state or form.
Centration Focusing on one feature of an object at a time.
Reversibility Ability to mentally reverse a sequence of events.
Concrete Operational Stage Understanding conservation and logical reasoning.
Conservation Understanding properties remain unchanged despite appearance.
Goal-Directed Behaviour Performing actions with a specific purpose in mind.
Developmental Stages Predictable sequence of cognitive development stages.
Environmental Factors Elements like family, schooling affecting development.
Genetic Instructions Blueprint for development inherited at conception.
Interaction of Factors Heredity and environment influence psychological traits.
Behaviourist Perspective Focus on environmental influence over heredity.
Psychological Characteristics Traits shaped by genetic and environmental interactions.
Conservation of Mass Understanding that mass remains constant despite shape changes.
Conservation of Number Realizing quantity remains unchanged despite arrangement.
Conservation of Length Recognizing length remains the same despite appearance.
Formal Operational Stage Stage of full cognitive development, starting at age 12.
Abstract Thinking Understanding concepts without visual or physical manipulation.
Idealistic Thinking Envisioning alternatives to current issues without realism.
Character Strengths Psychological processes defining virtues in individuals.
Virtues Core characteristics valued by moral philosophers.
VIA-IS Instrument measuring individual character strengths.
Flourishing State of good mental and physical health.
Social Support Emotional and practical assistance from relationships.
Instrumental Support Practical help such as money or time.
Informational Support Advice and suggestions provided to individuals.
Appraisal Support Affirmation and social comparison for self-evaluation.
Emotional Support Affectionate listening and concern for emotional needs.
PERMA Model Framework for positive psychology by Seligman.
Positive Emotions Emotions that predict flourishing and can be learned.
Engagement State of complete absorption in an activity.
Meaning Belonging to something greater than oneself.
Accomplishment Achieving goals increases self-pride and wellbeing.
Broaden-and-Build Theory Positive emotions build resources to cope with negatives.
Thought-Action Repertoires Range of thoughts/actions available in negative situations.
Mindfulness Awareness of internal feelings and surroundings for calm.
Limitations of VIA-IS Does not consider individual motivations or life stages.
Validity Test measures what it claims to measure.
Reliability Test produces consistent results over time.
Subjective Quantitative Measure Data based on personal opinion and self-assessment.
Destructive Habits Automatic responses that harm mental well-being.
Resilience Ability to thrive under stressful conditions.
Gratitude Focus on positive aspects of life.
Meditation Extended contemplation for focused attention.
Guided Meditation Meditation led by an instructor.
Unguided Meditation Self-directed meditation without external guidance.
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) Psychological treatment for mental health issues.
Cognitive Therapy Identifies and replaces faulty thought patterns.
Behavioral Therapy Replaces negative behaviors with positive actions.
Biopsychosocial Model Interaction of biology, psychology, and environment.
Stressors Events causing physical or emotional stress.
Risk Factor Characteristic linked to negative health outcomes.
Protective Factor Resource that enhances resilience against stressors.
Problem-focused Coping Directly addressing and changing stressful situations.
Emotion-focused Coping Managing emotional responses to stressors.
Seeking Social Support Turning to others for help during stress.
Health Benefits of Meditation Reduces anxiety, depression, and improves sleep.
Mindful Eating Eating with awareness of hunger and satisfaction.
Chronic Pain Reduction Meditation can alleviate persistent pain.
Physical Performance Improved by mindfulness in athletes.
Quality of Sleep Meditation enhances sleep quality.
Chemical Imbalance Disruption in brain chemistry affecting mood.
Genetic Predisposition Inherited likelihood of developing mental illness.
Negative Self-talk Internal dialogue that reinforces anxiety and depression.
Long-term Benefits of CBT Skills learned can be applied over time.
Mental Illness Treatment Combines medication and psychological interventions.
Coping Strategies Methods to manage stress and emotional responses.
Created by: justineforrest
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