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Ekis cell unit test
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What does Biology mean? | Study of life |
| Biologists study the _____ of life | Diversity |
| There are _ defining characteristics that biologists agree describe all living things. | 8 |
| A virus is a strand of DNA or RNA coated in a layer of | Protein |
| . No one had any clue that cells existed until 1665, when English scientist Robert Hooke made his own compound microscope. | Robert Hooke |
| Inspired by Hooke’s work, Dutch scientist _______ designed his own microscope in the late 1660s. He started looking at many objects, like pond water and milk, all of which had cells! | Anton van Leeuwenhoek |
| 1838, German scientist _____, after studying as many plants as he could, theorized that all plants were composed of cells | Mattias Schleiden |
| . A year later ________ after studying as many animal specimens as he could, theorized that all animals were composed of cells. | Theodore Schwann, |
| In 1885 a Prussian doctor, ________ theorized that all cells are produced from the division of existing cells. | Rudolph Virchow |
| (Cell Theory) All living organisms are made of ______. | One or more cells |
| (Cell Theory) Cells are the basic unit of _____________ for all living things | structure and organization |
| (Cell Theory) Cells arise only from _________, passing genetic material from parent cells to daughter cells. | Preexisting cells |
| (Living and Non-living) The compound microscope is limited, because it uses ______ to view samples. | Light |
| (non-living) In the 1940s, the Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) was invented. It used ______ to aim a beam of electrons towards cells. | Magnets |
| (non-living) More recently, the Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) was invented. Electrons are directed over the surface of the specimen, making a ________ | 3d image |
| (living and non living) A Scanning Tunneling Microscope (STM) tunnels electrons through a small probe. _________ can be made for objects as small as atoms. | 3-D computer images |
| _______ Cells are very small, and have few organelles. They have a cell membrane, but do not have a clearly defined nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles. They have a circular DNA ring called plasmid. | Prokaryotic |
| ______ cells are over 100x larger than other cells, Eukaryotes have many membrane-bound organelles, such as a nucleus. Many have specialized structures, and cells themselves can be specialized and carry out specific tasks, like nerve cells or liver cells | Eukaryotic |
| The _______ suggests that a symbiotic relationship between two prokaryotic cells occurred. One cell was larger and offered protection to the smaller cell. The smaller cell was capable of certain tasks like photosynthesis | Endosymbiont Theory |
| Plant and animal cells are largely composed of the _____ organelles. | same |
| _______ can be in plant cells, prokaryotes, and fungi cells (not animal) | Cell walls |
| ________ are in animal cells and protist cells (not bacteria or plant) | Centrioles |
| _______ can be in protists, prokaryotes and animal cells. | Cilia and flagella |
| ____________ are in animal cells, but rarely in plant cells. | Lysosomes |
| ________ are large in plant cells, but are rare and small in animal cells. | Vacuoles |
| _______ is the internal balance of a cell, including pH, temperature, and water and nutrient content. Homeostasis is primarily maintained by the cell membrane. | Homeostasis |
| The cell membrane is _________ Some items are blocked from entering or leaving the cell, while others can enter or leave the cell easily. | selectively permeable |
| Recall that lipid molecules have a triglyceride backbone and three long fatty acid hydrocarbon chains. When one fatty acid chain is replaced with a phosphate group, a ______ is made. | phospholipid |
| The plasma membrane is composed of a __________ | Phospolipid Bilayer |
| The phosphate heads are ______,and therefore attracted to another polar molecule: water. | Polar |
| The fatty acid chains are ______, repelled by the polar phosphate heads. | non-polar |
| When water _____ items try to enter the cell, they are blocked by the non-polar fatty acid chains. | Solluble |
| Cholesterol floats among the phospholipids, and is _____. They help prevent the fatty acid chains of phospholipids from sticking together. | Non polar |
| Carbohydrates stick out of proteins and help create and identify ________ | cell signals. |
| ________ help with cell signals, provide cell support, and act as tunnels, called transport proteins, allowing certain molecules in the cell like nutrients and let other molecules out like waste. | Proteins |
| Phospholipids, cholesterol, proteins, and carbohydrates float like apples in a barrel to create the cell membrane. The idea that these molecules float in a cell membrane “sea” is called the _______ | fluid mosaic model. |
| Recall that particles are always in _____ | Motion |
| Without using any energy, particles will always move from an area of ____________ until equilibrium is met | High concentration to low |
| is met when particles are still moving but there is no overall net change to the concentration. | Dynamic equilibrium |
| The higher the temperature, concentration, and/or pressure, the _____ diffusion will occur because the particles collide more. | faster |
| _________ uses proteins in the cell membrane to act like a tunnel, allowing only certain particles through. | Facilitated diffusion |
| When water diffuses through the cell membrane, it is called | osmosis. |
| Recall that water is the universal ______ | Solvent |
| Once equilibrium is met, water will still move back and forth, but _____ amounts of water will change | no net |
| When the concentration of water and solutes is equal both in and out of the cell, the cell is in an | isotonic solution |
| When the concentration of solutes outside of the cell is lower than the concentration inside the cell, the cell is in a hypotonic solution. | hypotonic solution. |
| When the concentration of solutes outside of the cell is higher than the concentration inside the cell, the cell is in a ______ | hypertonic solution. |
| But sometimes particles must go from low to high concentration, which is called moving against the concentration gradient. This requires energy, and is called ________ | Active transport |
| _____ can be used as transport pumps, allowing certain molecules or ions to enter or leave a cell against the concentration gradient. This requires energy in the form of ATP | Proteins |
| When a large molecule needs to enter a cell, _______ takes place. The substance pushes against the cell membrane until the membrane wraps around the substance, pinching off the membrane and creating a vacuole that can move inside the cell. | endocytosis |
| When a large substance needs to exit a cell, ______ takes place. The vesicle that contains the substance pushes against the membrane until the membrane merges with the vesicle membrane, releasing the substance out of the cell | exocytosis |
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