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Chapter 14

DNA: The Genetic Material

TermDefinition
Replisome The macromolecular assembly of enzymes involved in DNA replication; analogous to the ribosome in protein synthesis.
Mismatch repair A form of DNA repair that restores replication errors. The template strand is identified by DNA methylation, allowing this to be error-free.
Mutagen An agent that induces changes in DNA (mutations); includes physical agents that damage DNA and chemicals that alter DNA bases.
Telomerase An enzyme that synthesizes telomeres on eukaryotic chromosomes using an internal RNA template.
telomere A specialized non-transcribed structure that caps each end of a chromosome.
Replisome The macromolecular assembly of enzymes involved in DNA replication; analogous to the ribosome in protein synthesis.
DNA ligase The enzyme responsible for formation of phosphodiester bonds between adjacent nucleotides in DNA.
Replication fork The Y-shaped end of a growing replication bubble in a DNA molecule undergoing replication.
Okazaki fragment A short segment of DNA produced by discontinuous replication elongating in the 5'-to-3' direction away from the replication.
lagging strand The DNA strand that must be synthesized discontinuously because of the 5'-to-3' directionality of DNA polymerase during replication, and the antiparallel nature of DNA.
leading strand The DNA strand that can be synthesized continuously from the origin of replication
DNA gyrase A topoisomerase involved in DNA replication; it relieves the torsional strain caused by unwinding the DNA strands.
Topoisomerase Any of a class of enzymes that can change the topological state of DNA to relieve torsion caused by unwinding.
Supercoiling The coiling in space of double-stranded DNA molecules due to torsional strain, such as occurs when the helix is unwound.
Helicase Any of a group of enzymes that unwind the two DNA strands in the double helix to facilitate DNA replication.
Exonuclease An enzyme capable of cutting phosphodiester bonds between nucleotides located at an end of a DNA strand. This allows sequential removal of nucleotides from the end of DNA.
Endonuclease An enzyme capable of cleaving phosphodiester bonds between nucleotides located internally in a DNA strand.
Replicon An origin of DNA replication and the DNA whose replication is controlled by this origin. In prokaryotic replication, the chromosome plus the origin consists of a single replicon; eukaryotic chromosomes consist of multiple replicons.
DNA polymerase A class of enzymes that all synthesize DNA from a preexisting template. All synthesize only in the 5' - to 3' direction and require a primer to extend.
Complimentary Describes genetic information in which each nucleotide base has a complementary partner with which it forms a base pair.
Base-pair A complementary pair of nucleotide bases consisting of a purine and a pyrimidine.
Phosphodiester bond The linkage between two sugars in the backbone of a nucleic acid molecule; the phosphate group connects the pentose sugars through a pair of ester bonds.
Bacteriophage A virus that infects bacterial cells; also called a phage
Transformation The uptake of DNA directly from the environment; a natural process in some bacterial species.
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