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BIO Exam 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| cellular differentiation | the process by which a cell specializes to carry out a specific role |
| Recombinant DNA | DNA produced by combining DNA from different sources |
| restriction enzymes | Enzyme that cuts DNA at a specific sequence of nucleotides |
| lytic cycle | a viral reproductive cycle in which copies of a virus are made within a host cell, which then bursts open, releasing new viruses |
| convergent evolution | Process by which unrelated organisms independently evolve similarities when adapting to similar environments |
| What is the fittest when it comes to natural selection | most suited to conditions and more likely to stay alive |
| adaptive characteristics | Changes that organisms learn to help them survive. ex: cactus can hold water in periods of little rain. |
| gene expression | process by which a gene produces its product and the product carries out its function |
| DNA replication | the process of making a copy of DNA |
| mRNA | type of RNA that carries instructions from DNA in the nucleus to the ribosome |
| bottleneck effect | A change in allele frequency following a dramatic reduction in the size of a population |
| gene flow | movement of alleles from one population to another |
| tumor suppressor genes | make proteins that stop cell division and kill cells |
| dormant virus | a virus that infects and stays "hidden" in you, but you dont get sick |
| active virus | viruses that enter cells and immediately begin to multiply- the cell dies quickly |
| Antivirals | prevent replication of viruses within host cells |
| Evolution | Change over time |
| natural selection | A process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits. |
| Macroevolution | large-scale evolutionary changes that take place over long periods of time |
| tRNA | type of RNA that carries amino acids to the ribosome |
| Translation | Process by which mRNA is decoded and a protein is produced |
| Anticodone | Base triplet on the end of tRNA. |
| genetic code | collection of codons of mRNA, each of which directs the incorporation of a particular amino acid into a protein during protein synthesis |
| Artificial Selection | Breeding organisms with specific traits in order to produce offspring with identical traits. |
| Translation | Process by which mRNA is decoded and a protein is produced |
| Oncogenes | cancer causing genes |
| Proto-oncogenes | the corresponding normal cellular genes that are responsible for normal cell growth and division |
| GMO | Plant or animal whose genetic makeup has been changed. |
| Transgene organism | Organism whose genome has been altered by foreign DNA sequences |
| junk DNA (non-coding DNA) | genomic DNA that does not encode proteins, and whose function, if it has one, is not well understood. |
| DNA profile | A distinctive pattern of DNA fragments that can be used to match a biological sample to an individual |
| Genome | the complete instructions for making an organism, consisting of all the genetic material in that organism's chromosomes |
| Virus | Small nucleic acid molecules packaged into a protein cell |
| viral genome | either DNA or RNA but never both |
| Vaccines | A preparation that prevents a person from contracting a specific disease |
| S phase | DNA is synthesized to make a second copy |
| What does the echinoderm water vascular system improve? | Movement |
| Exoskeleton | a hard mechanical frame with joints that allow movement |
| Endoskeleton | an internal skeleton, such as the bony or cartilaginous skeleton of vertebrates. |
| Germ layer | group of cells in an embryo that interact with each other as the embryo develops and contribute to the formation of all organs and tissues |
| tardigrades | water bears or moss piglets, are a phylum of eight-legged segmented micro-animals |
| Cnidaria | phylum under kingdom Animalia containing over 11,000 species of aquatic animals found both in fresh water and marine environments |
| 4 conditions for Natural Selection to occur | Heredity, Reproduction, Physical traits that differ, variation in the number of offspring. |
| Arachnids | a class of arthropods with segmented bodies, eight legs, and a hard external skeleton |
| Arthropods | a phylum of animals with segmented bodies, jointed appendages, and a hard outer covering called an exoskeleton |
| five causes of microevolution | mutation, natural selection, genetic drift, gene flow (migration), and non-random mating |
| How does genetic drift differ from natural selection? | genetic drift is driven by chance, whereas natural selection is driven by environmental pressures that favor certain traits |
| bacterial resistance | occurs when bacteria develop the ability to survive and multiply in the presence of antibiotics |
| What are hydrogen bonds and what role do they play in the structure of DNA? | they hold the strands of dna together but are able to unzip. |
| How does the genetic code compare between different organisms | the same codons (sequences of nucleotides) generally code for the same amino acids in vastly different species |
| Be able to determine what happens to the sequence of a protein if provided with specific mutagens | the sequence of amino acids in the protein can change due to alterations in the DNA sequence that codes for it, potentially leading to a modified protein structure and function |
| What are general features of viruses? | nucleic acid genome enclosed in a protein shell. |
| What do all viruses have in common? | a genetic material core, either DNA or RNA, surrounded by a protective protein coat called a capsid |
| lysogeny cycle | a genetic material core, either DNA or RNA, surrounded by a protective protein coat called a capsid |
| How are viruses different from traditional parasites such as leeches and tapeworms? | parasites can reproduce on their own, and will feed on the hos.t viruses need a host to reproduce. |
| What kinds of organisms can get infected by viruses? In general, do we have to worry about getting infected with plant viruses? Why or why not? | humans, plants, animals, bacteria and fungi |
| Does a virus usually infect all cells in the human body? | No, each virus usually only infects specific types of cells |
| What information does an evolutionary tree provide? | he lines of evolutionary descent of different species, organisms, or genes from a common ancestor |
| Which kingdom is most closely related to animals? | Fungi |
| What is radially symmetry? | divided into identical halves by many different lines that intersect at a single central point |
| Bilateral symmetry | when the left and right sides of an object or shape are mirror images of each other |
| What is an invertebrate? | a cold-blooded animal with no backbone |
| In which phylum are humans grouped? | phylum Chordata |
| What is a tissue? | a group of cells that have similar structure and that function together as a unit |
| Which invertebrates lacks true tissues? | Sponges |
| What are cnidocytes? | specialized stinging cells found in organisms belonging to the phylum Cnidaria |
| If you cut a planarian in half, what will happen to it? | each half will regenerate into a new, complete planarian |
| Why is the name “pill bug” incorrect? | It is not a bug. |
| What does an entomologist study? | insects |
| How could you tell apart an insect from an arachnid? | number of legs |
Created by:
lilycarmichael06
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