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BIO 2110
Exam III
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| A pure line organism must be ____ for a trait. | homozygous |
| How many traits did Mendel study? | 7 |
| Parental generation, or P generation, are two organisms that are ____. | purelines |
| The progeny resulting from the P generation is called the first filial generation, aka the ____ generation. | F1 |
| Mendel then ____ the F1 generation, a process in which an organism reproduces by itself. | selfed |
| An F1 generation with pure line parents are ALL ____ for studied trait. | heterozygous |
| What is the specific form of genes called? | alleles |
| Which of Mendel's laws states that during meiosis, gametes will only receive ONE allele from the parent cell? | Mendel's First Law of Equal Segregation |
| A cross between two heterozygotes, or a heterozygote selfing, is called what? | monohybrid cross |
| How many genotypes would you expect from a monohybrid cross? How many phenotypes? | 3; 2 |
| What type of cross can be used to determine of an organism is homozygous dominant or heterozygous for a trait? | testcross |
| What is a genotype? | the pair of alleles an offspring has |
| What is a phenotype? | the physical trait of an offspring due to genotype |
| What generation did Mendel notice the recessive trait reappear? | F2 generation |
| In autosomal recessive disorders, who can you see these diseases in? | males and females equally |
| In autosomal recessive disorders, the disorder may ____ generation(s). | skip |
| What is the most simple indicator that a disorder is autosomal dominant? | the disorder is shown in every generation regardless of gender |
| What is the only type of disorder that allows two AFFECTED parents to have an UNAFFECTED daughter? | autosomal dominant |
| With an autosomal dominant disorder, at least ONE parent must be ____ to have an affected child. | affected |
| At what stage of the cell cycle does mitosis and meiosis take place? | M phase |
| During Anaphase of mitosis, sister chromatids are pulled apart and dragged to opposite ends of the ONE cell. What is the chromosome number at this stage? | 4n |
| After what stage in MEIOSIS is the chromosome number reduced in half? | Cytokinesis I |
| During Anaphase II of meiosis, sister chromatids are pulled apart and dragged to opposite ends of each dividing cell. What is the chromosome number for each cell at this stage? | 2n |
| During Anaphase I of meiosis, homologous chromosomes are pulled apart and dragged to opposite ends of the dividing cell. What is the chromosome number at this stage? | 2n |
| During what stage of MEIOSIS does the formation of a synapsis occur? | Prophase I |
| Synapsis occurs between what type of chromosomes? | homologous chromosomes |
| How many chromatids are present during synapsis? | 4 |
| Two alleles of the same gene is represented as ____. | A/a |
| Two GENES on DIFFERENT chromosomes are represented as ____. | A/a; B/b |
| Two GENES on the SAME chromosomes are represented as ____. | AB/ab |
| Which of Mendel's laws states that during meiosis, genes on DIFFERENT chromosomes are inherited SEPARATELY and independently? | Mendel's Second Law of Independent Assortment |
| What is the difference between Mendel's two laws? | equal segregation is about the two alleles in a SINGLE gene; independent assortment is about TWO or MORE genes |
| What meiosis stage, I or II, will you see the Law of Equal Segregation and Law of Independent Assortment take place? | Meiosis I: separation of HOMOLOGOUS chromosomes |
| What are meiotic recombinants? | meiotic products with genotype(s) unlike the original parental genotype(s) |
| What stage in meiosis does the Law of Equal Segregation and Law of Independent Assortment take place? | Anaphase I |
| What is the equation to find the number of unique GAMETE genotypes? | 2^n; n=# of genes involved |
| What is the equation to find the number of unique CROSS genotypes/phenotypes? | x^n; x=# possible genotypes/phenotypes per gene; n=# of genes involved |
| If two genes are close to one another on the SAME chromosome., they are ____ likely to undergo crossing over. | less |
| What law do linked genes tend to break? Why? | Mendel's Second Law; linked genes are on the SAME chromosome |
| Crossing over occurs between ____ chromatids. | nonsister |
| What is the fraction of recombinants in genes that follow Mendel's Second Law? | 1/2 |
| What is the fraction of recombinants in genes that DO NOT follow Mendel's Second Law? | <1/2 |
| The highest recombinant frequency is what? | 50% |
| What does 50% RF value tell you about two genes? | they aren't linked |
| Generally, crossovers inhibit each other somewhat in an interaction called what? | interference |
| When used together, molecular markers and PCRs can show what? | what genes, mutations or recombinations are shared by all affected people in a family/pedigree |
| What are molecular markers and what can they do? | simple DNA differences (D) or tandem repeats (R); closely link to disease genes and tend to segregate with them |
| What is a physical map? | the entire sequence of the genome |
| What is the units of distance for physical maps? | DNA nucleotide bases |
| What can a physical map tell you about a specific target gene? | it can show a gene's possible ACTION at the cellular level (function) |
| What can a recombination map tell you about a specific target gene? | information related to the effect of the gene at the PHENOTYPIC level |
| In x-linked dominant disorders, females and males are affected ____. | equally |
| In x-linked dominant disorders, what parent can NEVER transmit the disease to the sons? | father |
| In x-linked dominant disorders, if ALL daughters are affected, what does that tell you about the parents? | the father MUST be affected |
| In x-linked recessive disorders, will males or females be more affected? Why? | males; males only have one x-chromosomes, doubling the chance to be recessive for a disease |
| In an x-linked recessive disorder, if you have an unaffected mother (homozygous or heterozygous) but an AFFECTED father, what will ALL daughters be? | carriers of the disease |
| In an x-linked recessive disorder, if you have an AFFECTED mother, what must ALL sons be automatically? | affected |
| Why is it possible in x-linked recessive disorders for 2 normal parents to have an affected son but NOT an affected daughter? | the mother could be heterozygous and can give recessive allele to the son but a normal father can never pass on a recessive allele to a daughter |
| Mitochondrial DNA is inherited by ____ of her children. | all |
| What is an indicator that a gene is y-linked? | an affected father has ALL affected sons but NO affected daughters |
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gracelisabethxo
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