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Chapter 38
Foundations of Radiography, Radiographic Equipment, and Radiologic Safety
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| ALARA Concept | Concept of radiation protection that states that all exposures should be kept “as low as reasonably achievable.” |
| Ampere | A unit of electric current. |
| Anode | Positive electrode in the x-ray tube. |
| Atom | Basic unit of matter. |
| Bremsstrahlung Reaction | “Braking radiation”; the sudden deceleration of electrons as they interact with highly positively charged nuclei. |
| Cathode | Negative electrode in the x-ray tube. |
| Central Ray | X-rays at the center of the beam. |
| Control Panel | Portion of the x-ray unit that contains the master switch, the indicator light, the selector buttons, and the exposure button. |
| Density | Overall darkness or blackness of an image. |
| Dental Radiography | Process of recording images of the teeth and adjacent structures by exposure to x-radiation. |
| Digital Imaging | Filmless method of capturing an image and displaying it by using an image receptor, an electronic signal, and a computer to process and store the image. |
| Distortion | Change in the size of an image caused by incorrect vertical angulation. |
| Dose (Of Radiation) | Amount of energy absorbed by tissues. |
| Dosimeter | Device used to detect and measure an accumulated dosage of radiation. |
| Electron | Negatively charged particle in the atom. |
| Energy | Ability to do work. |
| Extension Arm | Flexible arm that is attached to the x-ray tubehead. |
| Genetic | Effects of radiation that are passed on to future generations through genetic cells. |
| Image | Film-based or digitally produced recordings of anatomic structures. |
| Image Receptor | Recording medium for an image, normally film, phosphor storage plate, or a digital sensor. |
| Intensity | Total energy of the x-ray beam. |
| Ion | Electrically charged particle. |
| Ionization | Process by which electrons are removed from atoms, causing the harmful effects of radiation in humans. |
| Ionizing | Radiation that produces ionization, resulting in harmful effects. |
| Kilovoltage | Highest voltage of x-ray tube used during an exposure. |
| Latent | Time between exposure to ionizing radiation and appearance of symptoms. |
| Lead Apron | Device used to protect the reproductive and blood-forming tissues from scatter radiation. |
| Magnification | Proportional enlargement of an image. |
| Master Switch, Indicator Light, Selector Buttons, Exposure Button | Components of control panel. |
| Matter | Anything that occupies space and has form or shape. |
| Contrast | Differences in degrees of blackness on an image. |
| Milliampere | One one-thousandth (1/1000) of an ampere; a unit of measurement used to describe the intensity of an electrical current. |
| Penumbra | Blurred or indistinct area that surrounds an image. |
| Personal Radiation Monitoring Badge | Device that measures exposure of personnel to ionizing radiation by measuring the intensity of visible light emitted from a crystal in the detector when heated; the intensity of light emitted depends on the radiation exposure. |
| Photon | Minute (tiny) bundle of pure energy that has no weight or mass. |
| Primary Beam | Most penetrating beam produced at the target of the anode. |
| Primary Radiation | Same as primary beam. |
| Quality (Of X-Ray Beam) | Mean energy or penetrating ability of the x-ray beam. |
| Quantity (Of X-Ray Beam) | Number of x-rays produced in the dental unit; the quantity of x-rays produced is controlled by milliamperage. |
| Radiation | Forms of waves of energy emission through space or material. |
| Radiograph | Image produced on photosensitive film by exposing the film to radiation and then processing it. |
| Radiology | Science or study of radiation as used in medicine. |
| X-Radiation | High-energy ionizing electromagnetic radiation. |
| Scatter Radiation | Form of secondary radiation that occurs when an x-ray beam has been deflected from its path by interaction with matter. |
| Secondary Radiation | X-radiation that is created when the primary beam interacts with matter. |
| Sensor | Solid-state image receptor that contains a silicon chip with an electric circuit. |
| Sharpness | Measure of how well an image reproduces the fine details or outline of an object. |
| Somatic | Effects of radiation that cause illness and are responsible for poor health (such as cancer, leukemia, and cataracts) but are not passed on to offspring. |
| Thyroid Collar | Flexible lead shield that is placed securely around the neck. |
| Tubehead | Part of the x-ray unit that contains the x-ray tube, the high-voltage and low-voltage transformers, and insulating oil. |
| Tungsten Target | Focal spot in the anode. |
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