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AP Bio Un 2 Ch 6-7
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are some common cellular organelles seen with a light microscope? | |
| List multiple physical/structural features found in eukaryotes but not prokaryotes | |
| List at least 2 physical/structural features found in prokaryotes but not eukaryotes | No nucleus, Dna in nucleoid, No membrane-bound organelles |
| List things/structures that are found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes | Plasma Membrane, Cytosol, Chromosomes, Ribosomes |
| Explain why cells must be small. The answer must include surface area and volume and the relationship between them. | As the cell gets burger, the ratio decreases and becomes less efficient. |
| List features that are present in both plant and animal cells | Golgi perixisome cytoplasm nucleus nucleolus er mitochondria |
| List features that are present in either plant or animal cells (indicate which) | Plant- chloroplast cell wall vacuoles animal- lysosomes membrane centrsomes |
| Explain movement in and out of the nucleus in a eukaryotic cell | Certain macromolecules are allowed to pass through the nucleus through pores in the membrane. Dna stays inside |
| What is the function of nuclear lamina? What proteins is it made up of? | Lines up the nuclear side of the envelope/maintains the shape of the nucleus; Intermediate filament proteins |
| Mitochondria | - Cellular respiration, generates ATP |
| Chloroplast | - produce energy through photosynthesis and oxygen-release processes, which sustain plant growth and crop yield |
| Ribosome - | Builds proteins in the cytosol and nuclear envelope |
| Lysosome - | breaking down molecules of nutrients or foreign particles that enter cells. |
| Nuclear Pores - | Each nuclear pore is a large complex of proteins that allows small molecules and ions to freely pass, or diffuse, into or out of the nucleus. Nuclear pores also allow necessary proteins to enter the nucleus from the cytoplasm |
| Golgi Apparatus - | Modifies product of ER; packages things |
| Rough ER - | Bound ribosomes secrete glycoproteins; distribute transport vesicles; and membrane factory for the cell |
| Smooth ER (use) | - Synthesizes lipids; detoxifies drugs and poison; stores calcium ions |
| What is the endomembrane system? What organelles are associated with it? | It regulates protein traffic and does metabolic functiond. It includes nuclear envelope, ER, golgi, lysosomes, vacuoles. And membrane |
| Rough ER | -makes proteins |
| Smooth ER (what needs) | -makes lipids and detoxes |
| Ribosomes | makes proteins |
| Golgi (what needs) | needs lots of proteins |
| Mitochondria (what needs Xtra) | needs atp |
| Lysosomes (what cells need them) | needs detox, short-lived cells |
| What cellular structures are involved with phagocytosis? | lysosomes, food vacuoles |
| Explain the process for secreting the extracellular protein | Makes protein(rough er), package )golgi), fuses w/ membrane, exocytosis |
| In an animal cell, what structure contains DNA? Plant cell? Prokaryote? | animal-nucleus plant-nucleus prokaryote-nucleoid |
| Explain the endosymbiotic theory | Eukaryotic cells were similar to amoeba and consumed prokaryotic cells. They survived in host and then helped eachother with the power of friendship :) |
| How are microtubules involved in cellular replication? What happens if it’s disrupted? (be specific) | Chromosomes duplicate centrosomes. When they’re disrupted, cells concentrate. |
| Tight junctions | top (animal), prevent leakage of extracellular fluid |
| Gap junctions | bottom (animal) creates pores |
| Desmosomes | mid (animal) attactch muscle cells |
| Plasmodesmata | plant allows movement of molecules |
| What does it mean if a structure is amphipathic? | both hydrophobic and ph |
| Phospholipids | heads move out, tails move in |
| Cholesterol | float laterally |
| How can cells adapt to different temperatures by changing their membrane? | Lipid composition changes |
| What is the function of the glycolipids on the surface of the cell? | Cell recognition |
| In membrane transport what type of molecules struggle to get across the membrane? What types move easily? | Large molecules struggle, small=easy |
| What is meant by selective permeability as it pertains to cell membranes? | Only allows some molecules in, blocks others |
| Describe diffusion happening | Passive movement of molecules from areas of high energy to low energy |
| Active | requires energy; usually in the form of ATP hydrolysis, to move substances against their concentration Gradients |
| Passive | no energy required; the movement of ions and molecules along the concentration gradient without the application of any external energy. |
| Osmosis | movement of free water |
| facilitated diffusion | Transports proteins speed the passive movement of molecules across the plasma membrane |
| Phagocytosis (Cellular eating) | a cell engulfs a particle by extending pseudopodia around it and packing it in a membranous sac called a food vacuole |
| Pinocytosis (Cellular Drinking) | Molecules are taken up when extracellular fluid is taken in using tiny vesicles |
| receptor-mediated endocytosis | Vesicle formation is triggered by solute binding to receptors |
| Hypotonic | The solute concentration is greater than that inside of the cell (Water moves out) Causing the cell to shrivel and the membrane pulls away from the cell wall in multiple locations (Plasmolysis) |
| Hypertonic | The solute concentration is less than that inside the cell(Water moves in) cells swell until the cell exerts pressure (Turgor Pressure) |
| Isotonic | The solute Concentration is the same as inside the cell (No net movement of water) Cell becomes limp; plant wilts (flaccid) |
| How do molarity and water potential affect the actions of a cell in response to changing external conditions. | Molarity=how much it goes (depending on hypo/iso/hyper) and water potential affects where (inside or outside) |
Created by:
ewils
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