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Bio 101 Exam 2
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Cell | Smallest unit of life that can function independently, every living thing is made of one or more of these |
| All cells have | Genetic material, ribosomes, cytoplasm, and cell membrane |
| Why are cells so small? | Smaller cells have more surface area relative to their volume, this high surface area allows the cell to exchange materials with its surrounding |
| What are the 3 domains? | Bacteria, archaea, eukaryotes |
| Prokaryotes | Most ancient form of life, they are small, simple in structure, and lack a nucleus |
| Eukaryotes | Evolved billions of years after prokaryotes, larger, more complex with many internal parts including a nucleus and other membrane organelles |
| Cell Membrane | Regulates passage of substances in and out of the cell - helps maintain homeostasis |
| What is the cell membrane composed of? | Phospholipid bilayers |
| Amphipathic | There are polar and nonpolar regions in the same molecule |
| Hydrophilic Head | Polar bonds, which are attracted to water |
| Hydrophobic Tail | Nonpolar bonds, which repel water |
| What are some of the proteins in the cell membrane? | Transport, recognition, adhesion, receptor, enzymes |
| mRNA | Copy of the genetic info; carries the recipe for making proteins |
| Peroxisomes | Break down toxic substances |
| Matrix | Space inside the mitochondria |
| Cristae | Folds in the mitochondria membrane |
| Stroma | Space inside the chloroplast |
| Thylakoid | Stacks of internal membranes |
| Plasmodesmata | Channels that pass through the plant cell wall; transportation |
| Tight Junction | Form an impermeable barrier between cells |
| Anchoring Junction | Attach to extracellular matrix, so tissues can withstand mechanical stress |
| Gap Junction | Tunnels that ions and small molecules can pass through |
| Apoptosis | Cell death, process that can carve out distinctive structures during development |
| DNA Structure | Hydrogen bonds, double helix, bases are the rungs of the ladder |
| DNA Bases | A-T & G-C |
| DNA Replication | Cell keeps the original, parental DNA each time replication takes place, while producing new DNA at the same time |
| Helicase | Unwinds the DNA |
| DNA Polymerase | Synthesize new DNA strands |
| Ligase | Join short strands into long strands |
| Binary Fission | Process that replicates the DNA and distributes it to 2 daughter cells, each identical to the original |
| Cell Cycle | Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, Cytokinesis |
| Interphase | Everyday functions occur |
| Prophase | Cell must condense its replicated DNA into chromosomes so that the 2 copies of the genome can separate later, spindle apparatus forms |
| Metaphase | Spindle aligns the chromosomes in the middle, 2 chromatids still held together |
| Anaphase | 2 chromatids split and are pulled apart by the spindle, spindle starts to stretch the cell out |
| Telophase | 2 copies of DNA are at opposite ends, a new nucleus forms, chromosomes unwind, spindle dissolves |
| Cytokinesis | Splits the cell and divides into two new cells |
| Cleavage Furrow | Animal cells, an indentation forms at the middle, pinching the cell |
| Cell Plate | Plant cells, separates the two cells, beginning of a new wall |
| What is the product of mitosis? | 2 identical diploid cells |
| 2 Processes of Asexual Reproduction | Mitosis (in some) & binary fission |
| What is the product of meiosis? | Gametes (egg & sperm) 4 haploid cells |
| Sexual reproduction creates/maintains | Genetic Diversity |
| Homologous Pair of Chromosomes | Have the same size and structure and contain the same genes |
| Karyotypes | Shows all 46 chromosomes from a diploid human cell |
| 22 pairs are | Homologous Autosomes |
| 23rd pair consists of | Sex Chromosomes (XX & XY) |
| Sperm and egg fuse together to form a cell called a | Zygote |
| How do zygotes grow? | Mitosis |
| Meiosis generates | Genetic Variability |
| Crossing Over | Only occurs in meiosis and creates variety since it shuffles the genes |
| Independent Assortment | Chromosome pairs align randomly, scrambling the combination of chromosomes for each gamete, multiplies the diversity |
| Monozygotic Twins | Genetically identical, the embryo splits into 2 identical |
| Dizygotic Twins | 2 sperm cells fertilize 2 eggs |
| Nondisjunction | Failure of chromosomes to separate properly |
| Genetics | Study of Inheritance |
| Gene | Portion of DNA whose sequences of nucleotides (A, C, G, T) encodes a protein |
| Chromosome | Long strand of DNA wrapped around histone proteins |
| Mutation create | Alleles and variety |
| True-Breeding | Plants produce offspring identical to themselves |
| Hybrid | Plants outwardly resemble true-breeders but produce mixed offspring |
| Dominant Alleles | Exert their effects whenever they are present |
| Recessive Alleles | One whose effect is masked if a dominant allele is also present |
| Genotype | Represents an individual's 2 alleles for 1 gene and includes everything (DNA, RNA, Proteins) |
| Homozygous | Individuals either have two dominant alleles or two recessive alleles, same gene |
| Heterozygous | Individuals have one dominant and one recessive allele, two different genes |
| Genotype is responsible for the | Phenotype |
| Phenotype | Physical appearance |
| Test Cross | Can reveal parental genotypes |
| Law of Segregation | 2 alleles of each gene "segregate" during gamete formation |
| Linked Genes | Genes that are physically near each other on the same chromosome do no sort independently, x-chromosomes, linked as same chromosome |
| Incomplete Dominance | Changes the nature of the phenotype but not the genotype, these alleles do not mask each other |
| Codominant | Alleles do not mask each other, both of the proteins encoded will be represented in the phenotype, blood type is an example |
| Pleiotropy | One gene has multiple effects on the phenotype, a gene might affect more than 1 biochemical pathway |
| Sex-linked Traits | Controlled by genes on the x chromosome, so they are x-linked |
| X-Inactivation | Prevents double dosing of gene products |
| Pedigree | Shows family relationships and phenotypes |
| What can the environment alter? | Phenotype |
| Polygenic Trait | It is affected by more than one gene, human skin color |
| Are carriers homozygous or heterozygous? | Heterozygous |
| Sister Chromatid | 2 identical copies of the same chromosome formed by DNA replication |
| Centromere | Links a pair of sister chromatids together during cell division |
| Mutations happen due to | Replication, environmental factors, or just random |
| HPV is what kind of cancer? | Cervical |
| What causes cancer? | UV light, lifestyle habits, inherited genetic mutations |
| Allele | One of two or more versions of a gene that are located at the same position on a chromosome |
| Why is asexual reproduction less advantageous than sexual reproduction? | In asexual there will be no variety, nothing will change, but in sexual there is more variety created and helps in changing environments |
| What are the Blood Types? | A, B, AB, O |
| How to get type A? | IAi or IAIA |
| How to get type B? | IBi or IBIB |
| How to get type AB? | IAIB |
| How to get type O? | ii |
| Dihybrid Cross | Used to study the inheritance of two different genes |
| Monohybrid Cross | Genetic mix between two of the same homozygous genotypes |
| Differences between Plant and Animal Cells | Lysosomes (found in animals, digestive), Chloroplast (found in plants, photosynthesis), Central Vacuole (found in plants, stores water), and Rigid Cell Wall (found in plants, keeps shape) |
| Differences between Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Cells | Size, complexity, and nucleus |
| Nuclear Envelope | A double layer of membrane that regulates traffic between the nucleus and cytoplasm |
| Nucleus | Location of most of the cell's DNA |
| Endoplasmic Reticulum | A manufacturing site for a wide variety of cellular products |
| Mitochondria | Site where the cell harvests energy from food molecules |
| Flagellum | A long appendage that propels the cell |
| Cytoplasm | The fluid-filled region of the cell between the nucleus and plasma membrane |
| Cytoskeleton | A network of fibers that maintains the cell's shape, provides support, and aids movement |
| Plasma Membrane | The outer boundary of the cell; regulates the movement of substances into and out of the cell |
| Vesicle | A membrane-enclosed sac that stores or transports materials in the cytoplasm |
| Golgi Apparatus | Receives, refines, and ships many cellular products |
| Ribosomes | Sites of protein manufacture; may be free-floating or attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum |
| Lysosome | A membrane-enclosed bubble of digestive enzymes that can break down and recycle foreign or worn-out cellular substances |
| Chloroplast | Contains structures that convert light energy into food energy during the process of photosynthesis |
| Cell Wall | A rigid, protective layer made of cellulose that helps maintain cell shape |
| Central Vacuole | A storage sac that can hold a wide variety of substances, like water or nutrients |
Created by:
MOWGaming04
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