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Exam3-S

Some Review Questions Chapters 7-11 from Biology by Peter Raven with McGraw Hill

QuestionAnswer
What is an autotroph? An autotroph extracts energy from organic sources and converts energy from sunlight into chemical energy.
How does Glycolysis produce ATP? By substrate level phosphorylation, where a high-energy phosphate is transferred directly to ADP forming ATP without the help of an electron transport chain.
Where does the citric acid cycle occur? In the cytoplasm.
What is cellular respiration? Enzymes catalyze reactions that transfer electrons, with Carbon dioxide gas as a by-product. The process involves multiple redox reactions.
How much energy does anaerobic respiration produce? Anaerobic respiration yields less energy than aerobic respiration because other final electron acceptors have lower affinity for electrons than O2
What is Chromatin composed of? Chromatin is composed of DNA and protein.
What is a nucleosome? A nucleosome is a region of DNA wound around histone proteins.
What is the role of cohesin proteins in cell division? Cohesin proteins hold the DNA of the sister chromatids together.
What are the functions of the kinetochore structure? Kinetochore structure connects the centromere to microtubules.
When do sister chromatids separate in mitosis? Sister Chromatids separate in anaphase of mitosis.
What steps in the cell cycle represent irreversible commitments? Both the G1/S checkpoint and Anaphase represent irreversible commitments in the cell cycle.
What are Cyclin dependent kinases regulated by? Cyclin dependent kinases are regulated by the periodic destruction of cyclins.
What are some functions that bacterial SMC proteins, eukaryotic cohesin proteins, and condensin proteins share since they have a similar structure? Bacterial SMC proteins, eukaryotic cohesin proteins, and condensin proteins all interact with DNA to compact or hold strands together.
Why do proto-oncogenes act in a genetically dominant fashion? Proto-oncogenes act in a genetically dominant fashion because they act in a gain-of-function fashion to turn on the cell cycle.
What is the main difference between bacterial cell division and eukaryotic cell division? Bacterial DNA replication and chromosome segregation are concerted processes but in eukaryotes they are separated in time.
Cytokinesis is similar to what process in bacteria? Cytokinesis is similar to bacterial septation via a ring of FtsZ protein, which is a tubulin-like protein.
What is a somatic cell? A somatic cell is diploid with twice the number of chromosomes
What does crossing over involve? (1) the transfer of DNA between two nonsister chromatids, (2) the formation of a synaptonemal complex, (3) the alignment of homologous chromosomes.
What happens during anaphase I of meiosis? Homologous chromosomes move to opposite poles in anaphase I of meiosis
What happens during metaphase I of meiosis? The kinetochores of sister chromatids are attached to the microtubules from the same pole.
What causes genetic diversity in meiosis? (1) independent assortment, (2) recombination, (3) metaphase of meiosis I.
What are some distinct features of meiosis? (1) pairing and exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes, (2) movement of sister chromatids to the same pole, (3) suppression of DNA replication.
Which phase of meiosis I is the most similar to the comparable phase in mitosis? Telophase I is the most comparable in meiosis to the similar phase in mitosis.
What is a functional difference between meiotic cohesins and mitotic cohesions? Centromeres in meiotic division remain attached during anaphase I of meiosis.
Why do mutations that affect DNA repair often also affect the accuracy of meiosis? This is because the proteins involved in the repair of double-strand breaks are also involved in crossing over.
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