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CCA Medical Terms
Medical Terminology for LVN
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| abrasion | scraping away of the skin; a scrape |
| acne | inflammatory skin disease involving sebaceous and hair follicles |
| actinic keratosis | precancerous skin condition of horny tissue formation, related to excessive sunlight exposure |
| alopecia | loss of hair; baldness |
| biopsy | removal of living tissue for the purpose of microscopic examination |
| albino | condition characterized by a lack of skin pigmentation; white |
| basal cell carcinoma | cancerous tumor of the basal cell layer of the epidermis |
| carbuncle | skin infection characterized by a cluster of boils |
| contusion | an injury characterized by pain, swelling, and discoloration without a break in the skin; a bruise |
| decubitus ulcer | open lesion of the skin due to prolonged pressure; pressure sore |
| dermabrasion | removal of skin blemishes and wrinkles using mechanical or chemical methods |
| dermatology | study of the skin |
| cicatrix | a scar left by a healed wound |
| debridement | removal of dead or damaged tissue and foreign material from a wound |
| dermatitis | inflammation of the skin |
| dermatologist | physician skin specialist |
| diaphoresis | excessive sweating |
| eczema | inflammatory skin disorder characterized by redness, itching, vesicles, weeping, oozing, and crusting |
| erythema | redness |
| furuncle | inflamed hair follicle; a boil |
| dermatoplasty | surgical repair of the skin; skin transplant |
| ecchymosis | superficial discoloration caused by blood in the tissue; a bruise |
| edema | abnormal swelling of tissue |
| excoriation | a scratch |
| herpes zoster | painful skin eruptions that follow a nerve path; shingles |
| jaundice | yellow discoloration of the skin |
| laceration | a cut |
| macule | small, flat discoloration of skin |
| herpes simplex | fever blister; cold sore |
| impetigo | highly contagious superficial skin infection characterized by pustules |
| keloid | abnormally large, raised or thickened scar |
| lesion | any damage to tissue caused by trauma or disease |
| malignant melanoma | cancerous skin tumor originating from the melanocytes of a mole, freckles or pigmented skin; skin cancer |
| onychomalacia | softening of the nails |
| pachyderma | thickening of the skin |
| papule | small, elevated lump in the skin; pimple |
| nevus (pl. nevi) | pigmented area at birth; mole, birthmark |
| onychomycosis | fungal infection of the nails |
| pallor | paleness |
| pediculosis | lice infestation associated with skin and hair |
| percutaneous | through the skin |
| psoriasis | chronic skin condition characterized by dry silvery scales covering red lesions |
| purpura | large bruises under the skin associated with hemorrhages into tissue |
| rhytidectomy | excision or removal of excess skin for the elimination of wrinkles; also called a face lift |
| petechia (pl. petechiae) | pinpoint bleeding in the skin |
| pruritis | severe itching |
| pustule | pus-filled elevation of the skin |
| rhytidoplasty | surgical repair of wrinkles |
| scabies | skin infection caused by infestation of the itch mite |
| seborrhea | excessive discharge of sebum |
| subcutaneous | beneath the skin |
| tinea cruris | fungal infection of the groin; jock itch |
| scleroderma | hardening of the skin |
| squamous cell carcinoma | cancer of the squamous or scale-like cells of the skin |
| tinea | fungal infection of the skin; ringworm |
| tinea pedis | fungal infection of the foot; athlete's foot |
| urticaria | skin eruption of wheals; hives |
| vesicle | small skin elevation filled with clear liquid; a blister |
| wheal | transient, round, itchy elevation of the skin; one hive |
| xeroderma | dry skin |
| verruca | skin elevation caused by a virus; wart |
| ankylosing spondylitis | inflammation of one or more of the vertebrae; rheumatoid spondylitis |
| closed fracture | break in a bone without interrupting the skin; simple, complete fracture |
| comminuted fracture | fracture with the bone splintered into pieces |
| diskectomy | surgical removal of a herniated intervertebral disk |
| chondromalacia | softening of cartilage |
| Colles' fracture | fracture of the distal end of the radius, just above the wrist |
| craniotomy | incision into the cranium or bones of the skull |
| greenstick fracture | bone is partially bent and partially broken; incomplete fracture |
| herniated disk | protrusion of the intervertebral disk between the vertebra; also known as ruptured disk or slipped disk |
| kyphosis | outward curvature of the upper sections of the spinal column; humpback |
| lordosis | forward curvature of the lower sections, usually the lumbar section; swayback |
| open fracture | bone and bone fragments break through the skin; compound fracture |
| impacted fracture | bone and bone fragments are wedged into the interior of another bone |
| laminectomy | surgical removal of the posterior arch of the vertebra |
| myeloma | tumor originating from the bone marrow |
| orthopedics | branch of medicine related to the study and treatment of diseases and abnormalities of the skeletal and muscular systems |
| orthopedist | physician who specializes in orthopedics |
| osteoblast | immature bone or bone cell |
| osteoclasis | surgical fracture of a bone |
| osteofibroma | tumor of bony and fibrous tissues |
| osteitis | inflammation of the bone |
| osteochondritis | inflammation of bone and cartilage |
| osteocyte | mature bone cell |
| osteomalacia | softening of the bone |
| osteomyelitis | inflammation of the bone and bone marrow |
| osteoporosis | decreased bone density or loss of bone mass |
| osteotomy | incision into a bone |
| pathological fracture | fracture caused by an underlying disease or weakness of the bone |
| osteoplasty | plastic or surgical repair of a bone |
| osteosarcoma | malignant tumor of bone |
| patellectomy | surgical removal of the patella |
| scoliosis | abnormal lateral curvature of the spine |
| spondylarthritis | inflammation of the vertebral joints; arthritis of the spine |
| talipes | congenital deformity characterized by an abnormal alignment of the bones of the feet; commonly called clubfoot |
| ankylosis | immobility of a joint |
| arthritis | inflammation of a joint |
| arthrochondritis | inflammation of an articular cartilage |
| arthrography | x-ray of the internal structures of a joint aided by the injection of a contrast medium |
| arthralgia | joint pain |
| arthrocentesis | surgical puncture of a joint to withdrawl fluid |
| arthrodesis | surgical fixation, binding, or immobilization of a joint |
| arthroplasty | surgical repair of a joint |
| arthroscopy | visualization of the internal structures of a joint using an endoscope |
| bradykinesia | extremely slow movement |
| bursectomy | surgical removal of a bursa |
| crepitation | crackling or clicking sound present during joint movement |
| atrophy | wasting or decrease in size of an organ or tissue |
| bunionectomy | surgical removal of a bunion |
| bursitis | inflammation of the bursa |
| dislocation | temporary displacement of a bone from its joint |
| dyskinesia | abnormal or difficult movement |
| dystrophy | abnormal development |
| fasciotomy | surgical incision and division into a fascia |
| hyperkinesia | increased muscular movement and physical activity |
| dystonia | abnormal muscle tone; prolonged muscle contractions |
| electromyography | process of recording muscle contraction when receiving electrical stimulation |
| fibroma | tumor of connective tissue |
| hypertrophy | increased growth or development of an organ or tissue not related to a tumor |
| leiomyofibroma | benign tumor of smooth muscle and fibrous connective tissue |
| myalgia | muscle pain |
| myasthenia gravis | serious, generalized muscle weakness and abnormal fatigue without atrophy |
| myorrhaphy | suture of muscle tissue or a muscle wound |
| muscular dystrophy | progressive weakness and degeneration of muscle fiber, genetically transmitted |
| myasthenia | muscle weakness and abnormal fatigue |
| myoplasty | surgical repair or plastic surgery of muscle tissue |
| myositis | inflammation of muscle tissue |
| polymyositis | chronic, progressive, inflammation of skeletal muscles with muscle weakness and atrophy |
| rheumatoid arthritis | chronic, systemic, inflammatory disease of the joints, especially the joints of the hands and feet |
| synovectomy | surgical removal of a synovial membrane |
| tenodynia | tendon pain |
| rhabdomyosarcoma | highly malignant tumor of the skeletal muscle |
| subluxation | incomplete dislocation of a bone from its joint |
| tendinitis | inflammation of a tendon |
| tenomyoplasty | surgical repair of muscles and tendons |
| tenorrhaphy | suturing of a tendon |
| torticollis | shortening of the muscles on one side of the neck; wryneck |
| tenosynovitis | inflammation of a tendon sheath |
| anastomosis | surgical connection between two tubular structures |
| angina pectoris | severe pain and sensation of constriction around the heart; chest pain |
| angiospasm | abnormal contraction of the blood vessels, primarily the arteries |
| ateriosclerosis | hardening of the arteries |
| aneurysm | abnormal dilation of a blood vessel, usually an artery |
| angiocarditis | inflammation of the blood vessels of the heart |
| arrhythmia | any irregular heartbeat |
| atherosclerosis | hardening and narrowing of the arteries due to deposits of fat and other debris along arterial walls |
| bradycardia | slow heart rate |
| cardiac tamponade | compression of the heart due to the accumulation of blood in the pericardial sac |
| cardiology | study of the functions, structures, and disorders of the heart |
| cardiomyopathy | any disease that affects the structure and function of the heart or heart muscle |
| bruits | abnormal blowing sound or murmur heard while listening to the blood flow through the arteries |
| cardiologist | physician who specializes in diseases, disorders, and treatments realted to the cardiovascular system |
| cardiomegaly | enlargement of the heart; enlarged heart |
| diastole | period of time when the ventricles relax between contractions |
| echocardiogram | ultrasound picture of the heart |
| endocarditis | inflammation of the endocardium, the inner layer of the heart wall |
| hypertension | elevated or high blood pressure |
| ischemia | deficient or decreased blood supply to a body part |
| electrocardiography | process of recording the electric activity of the heart |
| fibrillation | rapid and incomplete contraction of the atria or ventricles |
| hypotension | abnormally low blood pressure |
| mitral valve prolapse | protrusion of one or both of the flaps of the mitral valve into the left atrium |
| mitral valve stenosis | narrowing of the mitral valve |
| myocarditis | inflammation of the myocardium, the muscle layer, of the heart |
| paroxysmal atrial tachycardia | rapid contractions of the atria that begins and ends suddenly |
| pericarditis | inflammation of the pericardium |
| myocardial infarction | death of heart muscle due to a lack of oxygen caused by an insufficient blood supply; heart attack |
| palpitation | abnormally rapid, throbbing or fluttering of the heart |
| patent ductus arteriosus | abnormal opening between the pulmonary artery and aorta |
| tachycardia | abnormally rapid heart rate |
| thrombophlebitis | inflammation of a vein with the presence of a thrombus (blood clot) |
| varicose veins | enlarged, twisted veins, usually of the lower extremities |
| adenoiditis | inflammation of the adenoids |
| anemia | deficiency in the quantity or quality of blood |
| basophil | white blood cell; absorbs stain, appears blue |
| dycrasia | any abnormal condition of blood |
| agranulocyte | white blood cell w/out a grainy appearing cytoplasm |
| aplastic anemia | anemia due to a disorder of the bone marrow |
| coagulation | process of blood clotting |
| embolism | obstruction of a blood vessel by a foreign substance or a blood clot |
| embolus | circulating blood clot |
| erythremia | abnormal increase in the number of red blood cells |
| erythrocytopenia | decrease in the number of erythrocytes |
| granulocytosis | increase in the number of granulocytes |
| eosinophil | white blood cell; absorbs stain, appears rosy-red |
| erythrocyte | red blood cell |
| granulocyte | white blood cells w/ a grainy appearing cytoplasm |
| hematocrit | blood test that measures the percent of red blood cells in a specific volume of blood |
| hematologist | physician specialist in the study of blood, blood forming organs, & related disorders & diseases |
| hemoglobin | iron-protein substance; main component of erythrocytes |
| hemolytic anemia | anemia due to the premature destruction of red blood cells |
| hemorrhage | excessive loss of blood, internal or external |
| hematology | study of blood & disorders of blood & blood forming organs |
| hemolysis | destruction or breakdown of red blood cells |
| hemophilia | bleeding disorder caused by a deficiency of coagulation factors in the blood |
| hemostasis | stopping or controlling the flow of blood |
| iron deficiency anemia | anemia caused by an inadequate amount of iron for the production of hemoglobin |
| leukocyte | white blood cells |
| lymphadenitis | inflammation of a lymph gland |
| lymphangiogram | record or picture of an x-ray examination of lymph vessels |
| leukemia | abnormal increase in the number of immature white blood cells caused by a malignancy of the blood forming organs |
| leukocytopenia | decrease in the number of leukocytes |
| lymphadenopathy | any disease of a lymph gland |
| lymphocyte | white blood cell w/ a large spherical shaped nucleus |
| lymphoma | tumor of the lymph tissue, usually malignant |
| monocyte | largest white blood cell |
| neutrophil | white blood cell; does not absorb stain |
| pathogen | disease causing substance or organism |
| macrophage | phagocyte located in the lymph nodes |
| mononucleosis | abnormal increase in the number of monocytes |
| pancytopenia | decrease in the number of all blood cells |
| pernicious anemia | anemia due to a decrease in the formation of mature erythrocytes |
| phagocyte | white blood cell; engulfs & digests or destroys bacteria & dead tissue |
| platelet | blood cells responsible for blood clotting; also called thrombocytes |
| purpura | hemorrhages beneath the skin |
| septicemia | presence of disease causing bacteria in the blood |
| phagocytosis | process of cells engulfing & destroying bacteria or dead cells & tissue |
| polycythemia | increase in the number of erythrocytes in the blood |
| rouleaux | abnormal stacking of erythrocytes |
| sickle cell anemia | hereditary form of hemolytic anemia characterized by crescent shaped erythrocytes |
| spherocytosis | abnormal condition of round or spherical-shaped erythrocytes |
| thalassemia | hereditary form of hemolytic anemia |
| thrombocytopenia | decrease in the number of thrombocytes |
| thrombus | blood clot |
| splenomegaly | enlargement of the spleen |
| thrombocyte | blood cells responsible for blood clotting; also called platelets |
| thrombosis | presence of a blood clot w/in a blood vessel |
| tonsillitis | inflammation of the tonsils |
| acapnea | lack of normal blood levels of carbon dioxide |
| anoxia | lack of normal blood levels of oxygen |
| aphonia | absence or lack of the ability to produce sound or speech |
| asbestosis | accumulation of asbestos particles in the lungs |
| alveoli | clusters of air sacs in the lungs |
| anthracosis | accumulation of carbon deposits in the lungs; black lung disease; coal miner's pneumoconiosis |
| apnea | absence or lack of breathing; temporary cessation of breathing |
| asphyxia | oxygen deprivation; suffocation |
| asthma | spasm or swelling of the mucous membranes of the bronchial tubes resulting in wheezing & difficult breathing |
| bronchiectasis | dilatation or expansion of the bronchi |
| bronchogram | x-ray film of the bronchi |
| bronchoplasty | surgical repair of the bronchi |
| atelectasis | incomplete expansion, usually of the lung |
| bronchitis | inflammation of the bronchi |
| bronchography | process of recording an x-ray film of the bronchi |
| bronchoscopy | visualization of the bronchi w/ a scope |
| coryza | inflammation of the mucous membranes of the nose; rhinitis; a common cold |
| dysphonia | difficulty producing speech or vocal sounds |
| emphysema | distention & destruction of alveolar walls causing decreased elasticity of the lungs |
| epistaxis | nosebleed; rhinorrhagia |
| cystic fibrosis | hereditary disorder characterized by excess mucus production in the respiratory tract |
| dyspnea | difficulty breathing |
| empyema | presence of pus in the pleural cavity |
| eupnea | normal breathing |
| hemoptysis | coughing up blood-tinged sputum; spitting-up blood |
| hypercapnia | increased or excessive carbon dioxide in the blood |
| hypocapnia | deficient carbon dioxide levels in the blood |
| hypoxemia | deficient or decreased oxygen in the blood |
| hemothorax | blood in the chest cavity or pleural space |
| hyperpnea | excessive or increased breathing |
| hypopnea | decreased or deficient breathing |
| hypoxia | deficient or decreased oxygen supply to body tissue |
| laryngectomy | surgical removal of teh larynx |
| laryngoplasty | surgical repair of the larynx |
| laryngospasm | involuntary or spasmodic contractions of the larynx |
| lobectomy | surgical removal of a lobe of the lung |
| laryngitis | inflammation of teh larynx |
| laryngoscopy | visualization of the larynx w/ a scope |
| laryngotracheotomy | incision into the larynx & trachea |
| nasopharyngitis | inflammation of the nose & pharynx |
| orthopnea | ability to sleep only when upright or in the upright position |
| pansinusitis | inflammation of all nasal sinuses |
| pleurisy; pleuritis | inflammation of the pleural membrane |
| pneumonoconiosis | any disease of the lung by chronic inhalation of dust, usually mineral dusts of occupational or environmental origin |
| oximetry | measuring the oxygen saturation of blood |
| pertussis | highly contagious respiratory disease characterized by coughing & a loud whooping on inspiration; commonly called whooping cough |
| pleurocentesis | surgical puncture into the pleural space to withdraw fluid |
| pneumonectomy | surgical removal of a lung |
| pneumonia | acute inflammation of the lungs |
| pyothorax | presence of pus in the chest or pleural space |
| rhinitis | inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nose; a common cold |
| rhinorrhagia | rapid flow of blood from the nose; nosebleed |
| pulmonologist | physician who specializes in respiratory diseases |
| rales | abnormal chest sound caused by congested or spasmodic bronchi |
| rhinoplasty | surgical repair of the nose |
| rhinorrhea | thin, watery discharge from the nose; runny nose |
| rhonchi | rales or rattling in the throat, resembles snoring |
| sinusotomy | incision into the nasal sinuses |
| stridor | harsh, high-pitched sound during respiration |
| thoracoscopy | visual examination of the thorax using a scope |
| septoplasty | surgical repair of the nasal septum |
| spirometry | process of measuring breathing or lung volumes |
| thoracentesis | surgical puncture into the chest or thorax to withdraw fluid |
| thoracotomy | incision into the thorax or chest wall |
| tracheostomy | creation of an artificial opening into the trachea |
| tuberculosis | infectious disease of the lungs caused by a specific type of bacillus |
| tracheotomy | incision into the trachea |
| abdominocentesis | surgical puncture into the abdominal/peritoneal cavity to remove excess fluid; also known as paracentesis |
| achalasia | decreased mobility of the lower two-thirds of the esophagus w/ lower esophageal sphincter constriction |
| anorexia nervosa | loss of appetite, emaciation, & an extreme & unfounded fear of obesity |
| aphthous stomatitis | ulcerated lesion of the lips, tongue, & mouth; canker sore |
| abdominoplasty | plastic surgery on the abdomen |
| anoplasty | plastic surgery on the anus |
| aphagia | loss of the ability to swallow |
| appendectomy | surgical removal of the appendix |
| appendicitis | inflammation of the vermiform appendix |
| bulimia | condition characterized by alternately overeating & induced vomiting |
| cheilorrhaphy | suturing of the lip; repair of a cleft lip |
| cholangiography | x-ray examination of the bile ducts |
| ascites | abnormal accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity |
| celiotomy | surgical incision into the abdominal cavity |
| cholangiogram | x-ray picture of the bile ducts |
| cholecystectomy | surgical removal of the gallbladder |
| cholecystitis | inflammation of the gallbladder |
| cholecystography | x-ray examination of the gallbladder |
| choledocholithotomy | removal of gallstones through an incision into the bile duct |
| cholelithiasis | formation or presence of bilestonces in the gallbladder; gallstones |
| cholecystogram | x-ray picture of the gallbladder |
| choledocholithiasis | presence of calculi (stones) in the common bile duct |
| choledocholithotripsy | crushing of gallstones in the common biles |
| cirrhosis | chronic disease of the liver characterized by the destruction of liver cells |
| colectomy | surgical removal of all or part of the colon or large intestine |
| colorectal carcinoma | malignant neoplasm of the colon & rectum |
| Crohn's disease | chronic inflammation of the ileum characterized by ulcerations along the intestinal wall & the formation of scar tissue; also called regional ileitis or regional enteritis |
| diverticulectomy | surgical removal of diverticula |
| colonoscopy | visualization of the large intestine from the anus to the ileocecal junction w/ a scope |
| colostomy | creation of a new opening for the colon through the abdominal wall t its outside surface |
| diarrhea | frequent passage of loose, watery stools |
| diverticulitis | inflammation of a diverticulum or several diverticula |
| diverticulosis | presence of diverticula in the colon |
| duodenal ulcer | ulceration of teh mucous membrane of the duodenum; peptic ulcer |
| dyspepsia | painful or abnormal digestion; indigestion |
| emaciation | state of being abnormally & extremely lean |
| diverticulum | sac or pouch in the walls of an organ; often exhibited in the large intestine |
| dysentery | bacterial, viral, or microbial infection of the intestinal tract w/ an inflammation of the intestinal mucosa |
| dysphagia | difficulty in swallowing |
| endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatogram | x-ray picture of the pancreatic ducts & bile ducts |
| endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) | x-ray examination of the pancreatic ducts & bile ducts w/ a scope |
| esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) | examination of the esophagus, stomach, & duodenum w/ a scope |
| esophagoscopy | examination of the esophagus w/ a scope |
| flatus | gas in the digestive tract; expelling gas from the anus |
| eructation | producing fas from the stomach & expelling it through the mouth; belch, burp |
| esophagogastroplasty | plastic repair of the esophagus & stomach |
| extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) | crushing of gallstones using ultrasound & shock waves |
| gastrectomy | surgical removal of all or a portion of the stomach; also known as gastric resection |
| gastric ulcer | ulcer of the mucosa of the stomach; peptic ulcer |
| gastrodynia | pain in the stomach; also called gastralgia; stomach ache |
| gastroenterologist | physician specialist in diseases & treaments of the digestive system |
| gatroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) | movement of gastric contents into the esophagus |
| gastroduodenostomy | creation of a new opening between the stomach & the duodenum |
| gastroenteritis | inflammation of the stomach & intestinal tract |
| gastroenterology | study of the diseases & treatments related to the digestive system |
| gastroscopy, endoscopic | examination of teh stomach w/ a scope |
| gavage | feeding through a stomach tube |
| gingivitis | inflammation of the gingiva |
| hematemesis | vomiting blood |
| hernia | protusion of some part of the intestinal tract through the abdominal wall |
| gingivectomy | surgical removal of the gingiva |
| glossorrhaphy | suture of a wound of the tongue |
| hepatitis | inflammation of the liver |
| herniorrhaphy | suture or plastic repair of a hernia |
| herpetic stomatitis | inflammatory infectious lesions of the oral cavity caused by the herpes simplex virus; cold sores, fever blisters |
| ileostomy | creation of a new opening for the ileum through the abdominal wall to its outside surface |
| intussusception | telescoping of one portion of the large intestine into another portion of the large intestine |
| nausea | unpleasant sensation usually preceding vomiting |
| hiatal hernia | herniation of a portion of the stomach through the esophageal opening in the diaphragm |
| ileus | obstruction of the intestine |
| laparotomy | surgical incision into the abdominal wall |
| palatoplasty | plastic repair of the palate, usually to repair a cleft palate |
| pancreatitis | inflammation of the pancreas |
| polyposis, chronic | presence of a large number of polyps in the large bowel |
| proctologist | physician specialist in diseases & treatments of the anus & rectum |
| proctoscopy endoscopic | examination of the anus & rectum w/ a scope |
| polyectomy | surgical removal of a polyp |
| proctocolectomy | surgical removal of the large intestine & rectum |
| proctology | study of the diseases & treatments of the anus & rectum |
| pruritus ani | severe itching around the anus |
| pyloroplasty | enlarging the opening between the stomach & duodenum |
| sigmoidoscopy | examination of the sigmoid colon w/ a scope |
| vagotomy | incision into the vagus nerve |
| sialolithiasis | presence of salivary calculi in the salivary gland or duct |
| uvulopalatopharyngoplasty (UPPP) | plastic surgery of the soft palate, uvula, & structures of the oropharynx |
| volvulus | twisting of loops of the bowel or colon that results in an intestinal obstruction |
| anuria | lack of urine |
| cystectomy | removal of all or part of the urinary bladder |
| cystocele | herniation of the urinary bladder |
| cystolithotomy | incision into the urinary bladder for removal of stones or calculi |
| azoturia | increase of urea in the urine |
| cystitis | inflammation of the urinary bladder |
| cystography | x-ray examination of the urinary bladder |
| cystometrography | process of recording the pressure in the urinary bladder |
| cystopexy | surgical fixation of the urinary bladder; bladder suspension |
| cystorrhaphy | suturing of the urinary bladder |
| cystostomy | creation of a new opening for the urinary bladder |
| dysuria | painful urination |
| cystoplasty | surgical repair of the urinary bladder |
| cystoscopy | visualization of the urinary bladder w/ a scope |
| diuresis | increased urination |
| enuresis | involuntary release of urine; bedwetting |
| glomerulonephritis | inflammation of the glomeruli of the kidney |
| hematuria | presence of blood in the urine |
| intravenous pyelography | process of recording the structures of the renal pelvis |
| meatotomy | incision into the urinary meatus |
| glycosuria | presence of glucose in the urine |
| hydronephrosis | collection of urine in the renal pelvis; water on the kidney |
| lithotripsy | crushing of stones or calculi |
| nephrectomy | surgical removal of a kidney |
| nephritis | inflammation of the kidney |
| nephrolithotomy | incision into the kidney for removal of calculi or stones |
| nephromegaly | enlarged kidney |
| nephroptosis | drooping or prolapse of a kidney; fallen kidney |
| nephrolithiasis | presence of calculi or stones in the kidney; kidney stones |
| nephroma | tunor or neoplasm of he kidney |
| nephropexy | surgical fixation of a kidney |
| nocturia | excessive urination at night |
| polyuria | excessive secretion & discharge of urine |
| pyelolithotomy | incision into the renal pelvis to remove calculi or stones |
| pyuria | presence of pus in the urine |
| ureterectomy | surgical removal of all or part of a ureter |
| oliguria | diminished urine secretion |
| pyelitis | inflammation of the renal pelvis |
| pyelonephritis | inflammation of the kidney & the renal pelvis |
| uremia | presence of excessive amoutns of urea in urine |
| ureteritis | inflammation of the ureter |
| ureterolithiasis | presence of stones or calculi in the ureter |
| urethrocystitis | inflammation of the urinary bladder & urethra |
| urethroplasty | surgical repair of the urethra |
| ureterocele | herniation of a ureter |
| ureterostenosis | narrowing or stricture of a ureter |
| urethropexy | surgical fixation of the urethra |
| urethrostomy | creation of a new opening into the urethra |
| urologist | physician specialist of the urinary system |
| urology | study of the urinary system |
| acidosis | excessive acidity of body fluids |
| Addison's disease | deficiency in the secretion of adrenal cortex hormones |
| adrenalitis | inflammation of the adrenal gland |
| cretinism | congenital condition due to lack of thyroid secretion |
| acromegaly | enlargement of the bones of the extremities & face |
| adrenalectomy | surgical removal of the adrenal gland |
| adrenolmegaly | enlargement of the adrenal gland |
| Cushing's syndrom | excessive secretion of adrenal cortex glucocorticoids |
| diabetes insipidus | diabetes caused by a disorder of the pituitary gland due to a deficiency of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) |
| endocrinologist | physician specialist of the endocrine system |
| euthyroid | normal thyroid function |
| gigantism | excessive size & height due to oversecretion of growth hormone |
| diabetes mellitus | diabetes caused by a lack of insulin |
| endocrinology | study of the endocrine system |
| exophthalmia; exophthalmos | abnormal outward protrusion of the eyeballs associated w/ hyperthyroidism |
| goiter | enlarged thyroid gland due to excessive growth of the gland |
| Grave's disease | hyperthyroidism characterized by excessive secretion of thyroid hormone secretion & exophthalmia |
| hormone | chemical substance that affects the function of a specific organ or body process |
| hyperglycemia | excessive amount of glucose in the blood |
| hyperthyroidism | overactive thyroid gland |
| hirsutism | excessive body hair on a female in a male distribution pattern |
| hypercalcemia | excessive amount of calcium in the blood |
| hyperkalemia | excessive amount of potassium in the blood |
| hypocalcemia | decreased amount of calcium in the blood |
| hypoglycemia | decreased amount of glucose in the blood |
| hyponatremia | decreased amount of sodium in the blood |
| ketoacidosis | accumulation of ketone bodies in the blood |
| pancreatitis | inflammation of the pancreas |
| hypokalemia | decreased amount of potassium in the blood |
| hypothyroidism | decreased activity of the thyroid gland |
| myxedema | most severe form of adult hypothyroidism |
| parathyroidectomy | surgical removal of the parathyroid gland(s) |
| polydipsia | excessive thirst |
| thyrotoxicosis | toxic condition due to hyperactivity of the thyroid gland |
| thyroidectomy | surgical removal of all or part of the thyroid gland |
| virilism | development of masculine physical traits in a female |
| anorchidism; anorchism | absence of one or both testes |
| balanitis | inflammation of the glans penis |
| chancre | lesion located on the penis, characteristic of primary syphilis |
| circumcision | removal of the foreskin |
| aspermia | lack or absence of sperm |
| benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH) | noncancerous enlargement of the prostate gland |
| chlamydia | sexually transmitted disease caused by the bacteria chlamydia trachomatis |
| coitus | sexual intercourse |
| cryptorchidism | undescended testicle; failure of one or both testes to descend into the scrotum |
| ejaculation | expulsion of semen from the penis |
| epididymitis | inflammation of the epididymis |
| genital herpes | highly contagious sexually transmitted disease of the genitalia; venereal herpes |
| cystoscopy | visualization of the urinary bladder w/ a cystoscope |
| epididymectomy | removal of all or part of the epidydimis |
| epispadias | congenital condition in which the urethra opens on the upper side of the penis |
| gonorrhea | sexually transmitted bacterial disease of the mucous membrane of the genital tract |
| hydrocele | accumulation of fluid in the scrotum or along the spermatic cord |
| oligospermia | deficient number of sperm present in semen |
| orchidopexy | surgical fixation of one or both of the testes |
| orchitis | inflammation of the testes |
| hypospadias | congenital condition in which the urethra opens on the underside of the penis |
| orchidectomy | removal of one or both of the testes |
| orchioplasty | surgical repair of one or both testes |
| phimosis | tightness of the prepuce or foreskin |
| priapism | abnormal, painful, & prolonged erection of the penis not related to sexual arousal |
| prostatitis | inflammation of the prostate gland |
| spermatolysis | destruction, dissolution, or break down of sperm |
| testicular carcinoma | malignant tumor of one or both testes |
| prostate cancer | malignant tumor or neoplasm of the prostate gland |
| spermatogenesis | formation of sperm |
| syphilis | sexually transmitted disease characterized by lesions that may involve any organ or tissue |
| testosterone | male hormone |
| trichomoniasis | sexually transmitted disease that infects the genitourinary tract |
| urology | study of the male reproductive organ & urinary system |
| vasectomy | surgical removal of part of the vas deferens; male sterilization |
| urologist | physician specialist in the study of the male reproductive & urinary system |
| varicocele | enlargement of the veins of the spermatic cord |
| amenorrhea | absence or lack of menstrual flow |
| cervicitis | inflammation of the cervix |
| conization | surgical removal of a cone-shaped segment of the cervix for diagnosis or treatment; cone biopsy |
| cystocele | herniation or downward protrusion of the urinary bladder into the wall of the vagina |
| anteflexion | forward displacement of the uterus |
| colposcopy | examination of vaginal & cervical tissue using a scope |
| cryosurgery | destruction & removal of tissue by rapid freezing |
| dilatation & curettage (D&C) | widening of the cervical canal followed by scraping of the uterine lining |
| dysmenorrhea | painful menstrual flow |
| gynecologist | physician specialist inthe study & treatment of diseases related to the female reproductive system |
| hysterectomy | surgical removal of the uterus |
| mammography | x-ray examination of the soft tissue of the breast |
| endometriosis | presence & growth of endometrial tissue in areas outside of the uterus |
| gynecology | study of diseases & disorder related to the female reproductive system & breasts |
| hysterosalpingography | x-ray of the uterus & fallopian tubes using a contrast medium |
| mastectomy | surgical removal of the breast & surrounding tissues |
| menarche | onset of menstruation, first menstrual cycle |
| menorrhagia | excessive bleeding during the menstural period |
| metrorrhagia | uterine bleeding at times other than the menstural period |
| oophoritis | inflammation of the ovaries |
| menopause | time frame that marks the permanent cessation of menstrual activity |
| menorrhea | normal menstrual flow |
| oligomenorrhea | abnormally light or infrequent menstruation |
| ovarian carcinoma | malignant tumor of the ovary |
| ovarian cyst | fluid-filled, multi-chambered sac in the ovary |
| papanicolaou smear | microscopic examination of cervical cells; diagnostic test for cervical cancer; Pap smear, Pap test |
| salpingitis | inflammation of the fallopian tube |
| vaginitis | inflammation of the vagina |
| ovariopexy | surgical fixation of the ovary |
| retroversion | backward displacement of the uterus |
| uteropexy | surgical fixation of the uterus |
| vulvovaginitis | inflammation of the vulva, the external genitalia, & the vagina |
| abortion | termination of pregnancy |
| amniocentesis | surgical puncture into the amniotic sac to remove fluid |
| amnionitis | inflammation of the amnion |
| amnioscopy | visualization of the fetus w/ a scope that enters the amniotic cavity |
| abruptio placentae | premature separation of the placenta from the uterine wall |
| amniography | process of taking an x-ray of the amniotic sac using a contrast medium |
| amniorrhea | discharge of amniotic fluid from the amniotic sac; leaking of amniotic fluid |
| amniotic sac | sac that contains the fetus during pregnancy; also called the fetal membrane |
| amniotomy | incision into the amniotic membranes to induce labor; "breaking the water" |
| cerclage | suturing the cervical opening to prevent spontaneous abortion |
| dystocia | difficult labor |
| ectopic pregnancy | abnormal implantation of a fertilized ovum outside of the uterus; also called a tubal pregnancy |
| antepartum | before the onset of labor; before giving birth |
| cesareaan section (C-section) | incision into the abdomen & uterus in order to deliver a baby |
| eclampsia | most severe form of gestational hypertension characterized by seizures |
| effacement | normal thinning & dilation of the cervix that occurs during the birth process |
| embryo | fertilized ovum from the second through the eighth week of pregnancy |
| embryology | study of the growth & development of the human organism |
| fetography | x-ray examination of the fetus in utero |
| gamete | male & female sex cell |
| embryologist | physician specialist in the study & treatment of the growth & development of the human organism |
| episiotomy | incision of the perineum to facilitate delivery & prevent perineal laceration |
| fectometry | measuring or estimating the size of the fetus or its head prior to delivery |
| gestation | period between fertilization & labor |
| gestational diabetes | development of diabetes during pregnancy |
| hydatidiform mole | cystic mass resembling a cluster of grapes that develops in place of a normal placenta & fetus; also called a molar preganancy |
| hysterorrhexis | rupture of the uterus |
| lochia | vaginal discharge from the uterus during the period following childbirth |
| gestational hypertension | development of hypertension during pregnancy; also called pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH) |
| hyperemesis gravidarum | excessive & severe vomiting during pregnancy |
| incompetent cervix | inability of the cervix to retain the contents of the uterus |
| meconium | first feces of a newborn |
| multigravida | one who has been pregnant many times (two or more times) |
| nulligravida | one who has never been pregnant |
| obstetrician | physician specialist in the study & treatment of pregnancy & delivery |
| parturition | act of giving birth; childbirth; delivery |
| multipara | one who has given birth two or more times to a viable fetus |
| nullipara | one who has never given birth to a viable fetus |
| obstetrics | medical specialty related to pregnancy & delivery |
| pelvimetry | measuring the pelvic outlet to determine its adequacy for childbirth |
| placenta | temporary organ of pregnancy that allows nutrients, oxygen, & waste to be exchanged between the mother & fetus |
| postpartum | occurring after childbirth |
| primigravida | one who is pregnant for the first time; a first pregnancy |
| puerperium | period of time following childbirth (6 weeks or 42 days) |
| placenta previa | implantation of the placenta in a lower part of the uterus; the placenta precedes the fetus during delivery |
| pre-eclampsia | gestational hypertension characterized by the presence of protein in the urine |
| primipara | one who has given birth to one viable fetus |
| tubal pregnancy | implantation of a fertilized ovum in the wall of fallopian tube; also called ectopic pregnancy |
| umbilicus | connects the fetus to the placenta |
| zygote | fertilized ovum |
| anencephaly | congenital absence of the brain & sometimes the spinal cord |
| ataxia | lacking muscular coordination, especially voluntary muscle movement |
| cephalalgia | pain in the head; head ache |
| cerebral palsy (CP) | congenital lack of voluntary muscle control &/or coordination |
| astrocytes | star-shaped neuroglia cells |
| axon | part of a neuron that transmits impulses away from the cell body |
| cerebral aneurysm | abnormal dilation of a cerebral artery |
| cerebrovascular accident (CVA) | decreased blood flow to the brain resulting in the death of brain tissue; commonly called a stroke |
| craniotomy | incision into the skull |
| dendrites | branch-like structures of the cell body of a neuron that receive impulses |
| electroencephalogram | graphic record of the electrical activity of the brain |
| encephalitis | inflammation of the brain |
| dementia | progressive, irreversible deterioration of memory, judgement, & other mental processes |
| echoencephalography | ultrasound analysis of the intracranial structures of the brain |
| electroencephalography | process of recording the electrical activity of the brain |
| encephalomalacia | softening of brain tissue |
| encephalopathy | any disease of the brain |
| epilepsy | excessive or irregular central nervous system electrical activity; also known as seizures |
| hemiparesis | paralysis of one side of the body; also called hemiplegia |
| menigomyelocele | herniation of the spinal cord & meninges |
| epidural hematoma | a swelling or mass of blood between the cranium & the dura matter |
| glioma | malignant tumor of neurolglial cells |
| hydrocephalus | abnormal accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid in the brain; called water on the brain |
| meningioma | slow-growth tumor of the meninges of the brain |
| meningocele | herniation of the meninges through a hole in the skull or vertebral column |
| multiple sclerosis (MS) | degenerative disease of the myelin sheath associated w/ the central nervous system |
| myelogram | x-ray record of the spinal cord & spinal cavity |
| neuralgia | severe, sharp pain of a nerve or along the course of a nerve |
| meningitis | inflammation of the meninges of the brain &/or spinal cord |
| microglia | smallest of the neuroglia cells |
| myelin | white, fatty tissue that covers the axon |
| myelomalacia | abnormal softening of the spinal cord |
| neurectomy | surgical excision of a nerve or nerve fibers |
| neuroglia | nerve cells that support the nervous system; do not transmit impulses |
| neurology | study of the nervous system & related diseases & disorders |
| neuropathy | any disease of the nerves |
| neuritis | inflammation of nerve or nerves |
| neurologist | physician specialist in nervous system diseases |
| neurons | nerve cells that transmit nerve impulses |
| neurosurgeon | surgeon who specializes in surgical techniques related to the nervous system |
| neurosurgery | surgical specialty related the nervous system; any nervous system surgery |
| paraplegia | paralysis of the lower half of the body including the legs |
| polyneuritis | inflammation of many nerves or nerve fibers |
| radiculitis | inflammation of a spinal nerve root |
| oligodendroglia | neuroglial cell w/ few dendrites |
| poliomyelitis | infectious viral disease that results in muscle paralysis & wasting |
| quadriplegia | paralysis of all four limbs usually due to spinal cord injury |
| Reye's syndrome | acute encephalopathy following an acute viral infection |
| sciatica | severe pain along the course of the sciatic nerve |
| shingles; herpes zoster | acute viral infection & inflammation of a spinal or cranial nerve pathway |
| syncope | loss of consciousness due to a lack of blood supply to the brain; fainting |
| ventricle | small hollow or space w/in the brain that is filled w/ cerebrospinal fluid |
| seizure | excessive, irregular electrical activity of the central nervous system associated w/ epilepsy |
| subdural hematoma | collection of blood below the dura matter |
| trigeminal neuralgia; tic douloureux | severe pain along the fifth cranial nerve |
| astigmatism | inflammation of the eyelids |
| blepharoplasty | drooping of an eyelid |
| cataract | cyst or nodule on the eyelid as a result of an obstructed meibomian gland |
| conjunctivitis | surgical transplantation of a donor cornea into the eye of a recipient |
| blepharitis | light rays are irregularly focused on the retina due to an abnormally shaped lens |
| blepharoptosis | surgical repair or plastic surgery of the eyelid |
| chalazion | progressive cloudiness of the crystalline lens |
| corneal transplant | inflammation of the conjunctive; commonly called pink eye |
| cryoextraction of the lens | removal of the crystalline lens w/ a cooling probe |
| diabetic retinopathy | disease of the retina & its capillaries due to poorly controlled diabetes mellitus |
| ectropion | turning outward of the eyelash margins, usually affects the lower eyelid |
| enucleation of the eye | removal of the eye from the orbit |
| dacryocystitis | inflammation of the lacrimal sac |
| diplopia | double vision |
| entropion | turning inward of the eyelash margins, usually affects the loewr eyelid |
| esotropia | inward turning of the eyes; convergent strabismus; commonly called cross-eyed |
| exotropia | outward turning of the eyes; divergent strabismus; commonly called wall eyed |
| fundoscopy | examination of the fundus of the eye using an ophthalmoscope |
| hordeolum | bacterial infection of an eyelash follicle or sebaceous gland; commonly called a sty |
| intraocular | w/in the eye |
| extracapsular cataract extraction (ECCE) | removal of the crystalline lens & the anterior segment of the lens capsule |
| glaucoma | increased intraocular pressure |
| hyperopia | impaired vision of close objects; commonly called farsightedness |
| iridectomy | excision of section of the iris |
| iritis | inflammation of the iris |
| keratoplasty | plastic repair of the cornea |
| mydriatic | pertaining to dilating the pupil; substance that dilates the pupil |
| nyctalopia | impaired or inadequate vision at night; commonly called night blindness |
| keratitis | inflammation of the cornea |
| miotic | pertaining to constricting the pupil; substance that constricts the pupil |
| myopia | impaired vision of distant objects; commonly called nearsightedness |
| nystagmus | involuntary movements of the eye(s), which may or may not be apparent to the individual |
| opthalmologist | physician specializing in & treatments of the eye |
| ophthalmoscope | instrument for viewing the interior of the eye |
| optician | individual who measures & fits eyeglasses |
| optometry | measuring & testing the eyes for visual acuity & corrective lenses |
| ophthalmology | medical specialty related to the study of diseases, disorders, & treatments of the eye |
| ophthalmoscopy | examination of the interior of the eye |
| optometrist | doctor of optometry |
| phacoemulsification | breaking the crystalline lens or cataract into particles for removal by suction or aspiration |
| photo refractive keratectomy (PRK) | surgical removal of corneal surface cells |
| photoretinitis | damage or inflammation of the retina due to excessive exposure to light |
| pterygium | irregular growth of the conjunctiva on the nasal side of the cornea |
| retinal photocoagulation | laser surgery of the retina to correct retinal detachment |
| photophobia | abnormal sensitivity to light |
| presbyopia | impaired vision due to aging |
| radial keratotomy (RK) | spoke-like incisions into the cornea to correct nearsightedness |
| retinitis pigmentosa | degenerative disease of the retina |
| retinoblastoma | malignant tumor of the retina |
| sclerokeratitis | inflammation of the sclera & cornea |
| trabeculectomy | surgical excision of a portion of corneal & scleral tissue to decrease intraocular pressure |
| uveitis | inflammation of the iris, ciliary body, & choroid |
| retinopathy | any disease or disorder of the retina |
| strabismus | inability of the eyes to gaze in the same direction due to weakness of the eye muscles |
| trachoma | chronic, contagious form of conjunctivitis characterized by hypertrophy of the conjunctiva |
| visual acuity | sharpness or clearness of vision in one or both eyes |
| vitrectomy | surgical removal of all or part of the vitreous humor |
| acoustic neuroma | benign tumor of the acoustic nerve |
| audiologist | individual who specializes in evaluating hearing potential & loss |
| audiometry | process of measuring the sense of hearing |
| cholesteatoma | slow-growth cystic mass or tumor made up of epithelial cell debris & cholesterol |
| audiogram | graphic record of hearing |
| audiology | study of hearing |
| auditory | pertaining to hearing |
| cochlear | spiral or snail-shaped structure that contains auditory fluids & converts sound waves into nerve impulses |
| otologist | physician specialist who studies & treats diseases of the ear |
| otomycosis | fungal infection of teh external auditory meatus |
| otorhinolaryngologist (ENT) | physician specialist who studies & treats diseases of the ear, nose & throat |
| otorrhea | drainage from the ear |
| otology | study of the ear |
| otoplasty | surgical or plastic repair of one or both ears |
| otorhinolaryngology | study of the ear, nose, & throat |
| otosclerosis | hardening of the ear, specifically the stapes |
| otoscope | instrument for visualization of the ear |
| presbycusis | impaired hearing due to the aging process |
| serous otitis media | middle ear infection characterized by an accumulation of clear or sterile fluid |
| suppurative otitis media | middle ear infection characterized by the presence of purulent fluid |
| otoscopy | visual examination of the tympanic membrane using an otoscope |
| sensorineural deafness | loss of hearing due to impaired or damaged auditory nerve cells or tissue |
| stapedectomy | excision of the stapes |
| tinnitus | ringing sensation in the ears |
| tympanitis | inflammation of the tympanic membrane |
| tympanotomy | surgical incision into the tympanic membrane |
| tympanoplasty | surgical or plastic repair of the tympanic membrane |
| vertigo | dizziness; a sense of spinning around |
| anesthesiologist | physician specialist who administers anesthetic agents |
| anesthetist | nurse who has training related to the administration of anesthetic agents |
| catheter | tubular instrument inserted into a vessel or body cavity |
| dilator | instrument for increasing the diameter of a body part by stretching |
| anesthesiology | study of substances intended to produce a lack of feeling or sensation |
| aspirator | instrument that suctions fluids or gas |
| curette, curet | spoon-shaped instrument for scraping & removing tissue |
| dorsal recumbent | flat on back, knees drawn up, thighs outward |
| dorsal | flat on the back w/ legs extended |
| endotracheal | administration of anesthetic gas through a tube in the trachea |
| forceps | instrument w/ two blades & a handle for pulling, grasping, & compressing |
| infiltration | injection of an anesthetic agent into tissues |
| endobronchial | administration of anesthetic gas through a tube placed in the bronchus |
| epidural block | anesthetic agent is injected into the epidural space of the spinal column |
| hemostat | instrument used to stop the flow of blood |
| inhalation | breathing or inhaling an anesthetic gas into the lungs |
| insufflation | administration of an anesthetic agent by placing a tube into the respiratory tract |
| Kraske | prone, head & feet down, hips flexed & elevated |
| lithotomy | on back, legs in stirrups, buttocks near edge of table |
| retractor | instrument for pulling back the edges of a wound, incision, or body parts |
| intercostal | anesthetic agent is injected into an intercostal nerve |
| lateral prone | on one side, toward abdomen, body elevated, head & feet lower |
| prone | flat on abdomen, head turned to one side |
| saddle block | anesthetic agent is injected into the area of the spinal cord that affects the buttocks, perimeun, & inner aspects of the thighs |
| scalpel | surgical knife w/ both a blunt & sharp edge |
| spinal block | anesthetic agent is injected along any area of the spinal cord |
| Trendelenburg | on back, table tilted at a 45-degree angle toward the head, bent at knee |
| Sim's | on left side, w/ left arm back, right knee drawn up |
| tenaculum | hooklike instrument for seizing, holding, grasping, and pulling |
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