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Unit 1 - Unit 4
A&P I
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Our sensory receptors have a limited range within which they can respond to stimuli. | |
| Alpha cells, Beta Cells, Delta Cells → Pancreas, | |
| T3, T4, Calcitonin → Thyroid, | |
| GH, PRL, TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH/ISCH, MSH, Vasopressin, Oxytocin → Pituitary (ADH and Oxytocin = Posterior pituitary gland) | |
| , estrogen, progesterone, tesosterone, inhibin → gonad, | |
| aldosterone, cortisol, cortisone, androgens, epinephrine, norephinephrine → Adrenal, | |
| melatonin → pineal, | |
| Parathormone → Parathyroid, | |
| Thymosin → Thymus | |
| Which of the following hormones requires a releasing hormone from the hypothalamus for its secretion? Prolactin | |
| Another name for antidiuretic hormone is vasopressin. | |
| Melanocyte-stimulating hormone, which regulates the formation of melanin, is produced by the intermediate lobe of the pituitary gland. | |
| Special sense structure mainly involved with dynamic equilibrium: Semi-circular canals | |
| Special sense structure mainly involved with vision: Retina | |
| Special sense structure mainly involved with hearing: Cochlea | |
| Special sense structure mainly involved with static equilibrium: Vestibule | |
| Special sense structure mainly involved with detecting the flavor of food: Taste bud | |
| The "window" of the eye that is also the most anterior part of the eye: Cornea | |
| Middle layer of the eye wall that contains blood vessels and pigments that prevent stray light from reflecting within the eye: Choroid | |
| Olfactory and gustatory receptors are types of: Chemoreceptors | |
| Connects directly to the pharynx to allow pressure equalization for the middle ear: Auditory/eustachian tube | |
| Senses muscle stretch: Muscle spindle | |
| Sensory receptors include photoreceptors. Chemoreceptors mechanoreceptors. | |
| Part of the brain stem that contains powerful pain suppression centers: Midbrain | |
| Even in the dark, I know I stubbed my right toe and not my left. Why? Sensory projection | |
| Man, that bathroom was a sack of farts! But, after a minute, I didn't even notice it anymore. What happened? Sensory adaptation | |
| Oxytocin is administered to women following childbirth to stimulate uterine contractions. | |
| Hormone secreted from the posterior pituitary: ADH and Oxytocin | |
| Hormone secreted from the adrenal cortex: Aldosterone | |
| Hormone that stimulates the testis in males and the ovaries in females: Follicle stimulating hormone stimulates egg production in women and sperm production in males, | |
| Hormone that stimulates kidneys to conserve water: Antidiuretic hormone | |
| Hormone that elevates blood glucose: Glucagon | |
| Hormone that contracts the uterus in a positive feedback cycle during child birth: Oxytocin | |
| Hormone from the thyroid gland that increases basal metabolic rate: T3 | |
| Hormone that elevates blood calcium: Parathyroid hormone | |
| Pain receptors are NOT located in the brain | |
| Receptors for the special senses are found primarily in the head. | |
| A person’s view of the stimulus and the way the brain interprets the information perception. | |
| Sensory receptors include photoreceptors. mechanoreceptors. Chemoreceptors | |
| Living near a railroad track and no longer hearing the train would be a good example of; sensory adaptation. | |
| The sequence of information flow in response to biting into a slice of pizza is sensory receptors activated, impulse sent to CNS, sensation, perception. | |
| Max returns to his dorm room late at night to find his roommate throwing up. The smell is at first so bad that Max wants to vomit too, but after helping his roommate clean up, the odor seems to fade. Max has experienced sensory adaptation. | |
| Warm receptors are sensitive at ______ and unresponsive at _____ degrees F. 77 and 113 | |
| Olfactory receptors, which provide the sense of smell, are chemoreceptors. | |
| A sensation is ______, and projection of a sensation is the ______. a feeling that results from sensory stimulation; brain causing it to seem to come from the receptors being stimulated | |
| Which of the following are paired correctly? Thermoreceptors—stimulated by temperature changes Photoreceptors—stimulated by light Pain receptors—stimulated by damage to tissues | |
| Henry has hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy. Which means he does not experience pain. Therefore he lacks nociceptors. | |
| Another name for pain receptors is nociceptors. | |
| What role does the thalamus play in regulation of pain? Allows person to be aware of pain | |
| General Senses include all of the following except; hearing | |
| "Endocrine" means internal secretion. | |
| The specificity of hormone action derives from target cell receptors that are unique for each hormone. | |
| Hormones help regulate water and electrolyte balance and blood pressure. regulate metabolism. have functions in growth, reproduction, and development. | |
| Compared to the nervous system, the endocrine system may have a longer lasting effect. | |
| Hormones that the posterior pituitary secretes are synthesized in the hypothalamus. | |
| Down-regulation of a target cell can occur in response to prolonged increase in the level of a hormone. | |
| __________ controls hormone concentrations. Negative feedback | |
| The posterior lobe of the pituitary gland secrete antidiuretic hormone. | |
| Growth hormone increases the rate of fat metabolism. enhances the movement of amino acids into cells. increases the rate of protein synthesis. | |
| Receptors for the general senses are found widely distributed throughout the body. | |
| Receptors for the special senses are found primarily in the head. | |
| The brain interprets input from sensory receptors as perception. | |
| System that functions to signal other body parts by releasing hormones: Endocrine | |
| Water molecules tend to interact with each other via __________ bonds. Hydrogen | |
| If a red blood cell is placed in a hypotonic solution: The cell will swell and may burst | |
| The 2 major components of the cell membrane: Phospholipids and proteins | |
| A major characteristic of life: Reproduction | |
| Word segment that means "wall": Pariet- | |
| Acids are defined by releasing this species into solution: H+ | |
| Negatively charged subatomic particles that orbit the nucleus: Electrons | |
| Bond that forms due to the electrostatic attraction between atoms after the complete transfer of electrons between a donor and a recipient: Ionic | |
| Atomic number indicates the number of __________ in an atom. Protons | |
| Plane of section that divides the body into superior and inferior portions: Transverse | |
| Body region known as the armpit: Axillary | |
| Lysosomes are best described as: A membranous sac that is the "garbage disposal" of the cell since it contains powerful enzymes that can breakdown foreign substances | |
| Part of the cell cycle when DNA replicates: Interphase | |
| Variations of an element whereby atoms may have different atomic weights due to different numbers of neutrons: Isotopes | |
| Body region known as the back (bend) of the knee: Popliteal | |
| Enzymes are known as biological __________. Catalysts | |
| Cavity that contains the brain: Cranial | |
| Cephalic region refers to the: Head | |
| Characteristic of life that involves being able to react to stimuli: Responsiveness | |
| The knee is __________ to the foot. Superior | |
| Compounds are: Molecules made up of more than one kind of element | |
| Organization category one level more complex than cells: Tissues | |
| Building blocks (monomers) of nucleic acids: Nucleotides | |
| Cell membranes are mostly made of: Phospholipids | |
| Term that means to maintain a relatively stable internal environment: Homeostasis | |
| The cranial cavity and the vertebral canal make up the __________ body cavity. Dorsal | |
| System that functions to move body parts, protect against trauma, and generate most of our body heat: Muscular | |
| Word segment "-stasis" means: Standing still | |
| System mainly responsible for producing body movement and most of our body heat: Muscular | |
| Definition of homeostasis: Maintaining a relatively stable internal environment | |
| Water is a polar molecule, which means: It has partial positive and partial negative ends | |
| Atoms that lose electrons tend to become: Positively charged | |
| Plane of section that divides the body into equal right and left portions: Midsagittal | |
| Characteristic of life that involves creation of a whole new organism: Reproduction | |
| The strongest bond: Covalent | |
| One of the 4 most abundant elements in the human body: Hydrogen | |
| Plane of section that divides the body into anterior and posterior portions: Frontal | |
| Chemical reaction when a larger molecule breaks down into smaller molecules: Decomposition | |
| Chemical reaction when the parts of 2 different molecules trade positions: Exchange | |
| Neutral pH: 7 | |
| Building blocks (monomers) of proteins: Amino acids | |
| "Control center" of the cell that contains our genetic information: Nucleus | |
| Chemical bond that involves the electrostatic attraction between charged atoms after the complete transfer of electrons from one atom to another: Ionic | |
| Ribosomes are best described as: A small organelle with enzyme function that joins amino acids together to form proteins | |
| Phase of mitosis when new nuclear envelopes form around the separate daughter chromosomes that unwind back to chromatin: Telophase | |
| The sternum (breastbone) is __________ to the vertebral column (backbone). Anterior | |
| "Packaging & shipping center" of the cell responsible for distributing proteins to their final destinations: Golgi apparatus | |
| Smooth endoplasmic reticulum is mainly involved with: Lipid and carbohydrate synthesis | |
| Skin, heart, and brain are examples of the __________ level of organization. Organ | |
| Genetic information is stored in macromolecules known as: Nucleic acids | |
| Chemical bond that involves sharing pairs of electrons: Covalent | |
| Breakdown of macromolecules into their monomers is an example of this type of reaction: Decomposition | |
| The __________ plane divides the body into superior and inferior portions. Transverse | |
| Anatomical position: Standing erect, facing forward, arms down by sides, feet shoulder width, toes forward, palms forward | |
| The 2-8-8/octet rule describes how __________ fill the __________ of atoms. Electrons; orbits | |
| Body region known as the forearm: Antebrachial | |
| System that mainly acts as a physical barrier to the external environment, and includes structures such as skin, hair, and nails: Integumentary | |
| Body region known as the neck: Cervical | |
| Each proton has a charge of: +1 | |
| System mainly responsible for command and control via signaling other body systems, sensory processing, and memory: Nervous | |
| Organization category one level less complex than cells: Organelles | |
| Characteristic of negative feedback in the human body: Tends to correct to a set point | |
| System that functions to move blood and transport its associated nutrients, wastes, hormones, and heat throughout the body: Cardiovascular | |
| Characteristic shared by simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion: Both involve the movement of substances from a region of higher concentration to lower concentration. | |
| Body region known as the bottom of the foot: Plantar | |
| Ultimately determines how a protein is shaped, and therefore how it functions: Amino acid sequence | |
| Ears are __________ to the nose. Lateral | |
| A solution very low on the pH scale tends to be a very strong: Acid | |
| The thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity make up the __________ body cavity. Ventral | |
| The cell membrane is said to be selectively permeable because: It allows only certain substances to pass through | |
| Building blocks (monomers) of carbohydrates: Monosaccharides | |
| Subatomic particle with no charge: Neutrons | |
| Word segment “peri-” means: Around | |
| "Powerhouse" of the cell that generates a large amount of ATP in the presence of oxygen: Mitochondria | |
| Gluteal region refers to the: Buttocks | |
| Site of ribosome subunit production: Nucleolus | |
| Phase of mitosis when the nuclear envelope starts to disappear and chromatin condenses into highly visible chromosomes: Prophase | |
| Term that describes a solution with a solute concentration equal to that inside a cell: Isotonic | |
| Pinocytosis involves ____________, whereas phagocytosis involves ____________. Cell drinking; cell eating | |
| Primary structure of a protein referrers to its: Amino acid sequence | |
| Atomic number is determined by the number of: Protons | |
| Body region known as the front (bend) of the elbow: Antecubital | |
| Major function of lipids: Store chemical energy | |
| The simplest level of organization: to most complex Subatomic particles, atoms, molecules, macromolecules, organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organism | |
| System that functions to break down food into smaller substances that can be easily absorbed: Digestive | |
| If the concentration of solute outside a cell is higher than the concentration of solute inside, the cell is in a __________ solution. Hypertonic | |
| The weakest bond: Hydrogen | |
| Phase of mitosis when the chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell: Metaphase | |
| Cranial cavity + vertebral canal: Dorsal body cavity | |
| Variations of an element due to different numbers of neutrons: Isotopes | |
| Normal pH for human blood 7.40 | |
| Something on the opposite side of the body: Contralateral | |
| Characteristic of DNA: Tends to be double stranded | |
| The knee is __________ to the foot. Superior | |
| Cervical region refers to the: Neck | |
| Antebrachial region refers to the: Forearm | |
| The ears are __________ to the nose. Lateral | |
| Nucleotide base found in RNA, but not in DNA: Uracil | |
| Transport mechanism that releases the contents of a vesicle to the outside of a cell: Exocytosis | |
| Bond that involves sharing pairs of electrons: Covalent | |
| Plantar region refers to the: Bottom of foot | |
| The __________ plane divides the body into equal right and left halves. Midsagittal | |
| still struggling with chemistry use the URL on the answer part of this flashcard This explains nonpolar covalent | |
| Which of the following is the most diverse tissue type? connective | |
| match the following: moving towards the midline → adduction, | |
| match the following: brings two structures closer together → flexion, | |
| match the following: moving away from the midline → abduction, | |
| match the following: rotating forearm palm downward → Pronation, | |
| match the following: movement of ankle brings foot down towards the ground. → plantar flexion | |
| match the following: Arthr/o → Joint, | |
| match the following: clavicle and scapula → pectoral girdle, | |
| match the following: study of tissue → histology, | |
| match the following: illium, ischium, pubis → pelvic girdle, | |
| match the following: replacement cartilage with bone → ossification | |
| match the following: Olecranon → Point of the elbow, | |
| match the following:som → Body, | |
| match the following: Spondyl/o → Vertebra, vertebrae, | |
| match the following:Oste/o → bone, | |
| match the following: Derm(o) → Skin | |
| Chondr/o → Cartilage, | |
| rotating forearm palm upward → Supination, | |
| moving around an axis. → Rotation, | |
| moves two structures further apart → Extension, | |
| brings two structures closer together → flexion | |
| A burn that destroys only the superficial cells of the epidermis, such as a mild sunburn, is classified as 1st degree burn | |
| Epidermal cells synthesize this vitamin when exposed to sunlight. Vitamin D | |
| The skin is also called the ___ membrane. cutaneous | |
| Skin is protected by a thick, oily substance called ___. sebum | |
| Exposure of the skin to ultraviolet light can increase melanocyte production. | |
| Functions of the skin include; regulating body temperature | |
| The observed differences in skin color reflect the levels of ________ production. melanin | |
| Injections made under the skin are called; subcutaneous injections | |
| The number one way to prevent the spread of disease is ___. handwashing | |
| As cells are pushed from the deeper portion of the epidermis toward the surface they keratinize (die off) | |
| The bones that form the palms of the hands and your knuckles are the metacarpals | |
| Ribs 1-7 are connected directly to the sternum by separate cartilaginous extensions are called ________ ribs. true | |
| The appendicular skeleton contains ________ bones. 126 | |
| Ribs that totally do not connect to any part of the sternum, surrounding cartilage, or other ribs, are called ________. floating ribs | |
| Collagen is responsible for firmness, this is why people often get collagen injections to increase firmness and decrease the appearance of wrinkles. True | |
| Risk factor(s) for osteoporosis: Being female and old | |
| Endochondral bones often start off as (during fetal development): Hyaline cartilage models | |
| The major bone breaking cell (demolition team): Osteoclast | |
| Red marrow makes _____, but yellow marrow mainly stores _____. Blood cells; fat | |
| The outer layer of bone (around the bone) that serves as an anchoring point for skeletal muscle: Periosteum | |
| The modified ends of a long bone that are often covered with cartilage: Epiphysis | |
| The dermis contains: Blood vessels | |
| Cylinder shaped shaft of a long bone: Diaphysis | |
| The matrix of bone mainly contains the protein _____ and the mineral _____. Collagen; calcium | |
| The major bone building cell (immature): Osteoblast | |
| The sternum is a type of _____ bone. Flat | |
| L5 is a type of _____ bone: Irregular | |
| The femur is a type of _____ bone. Long | |
| Major function of bones: Store minerals, and protect softer body parts | |
| Hairs grow from the hair: matrix | |
| Nails grow from the nail: Matrix | |
| The most superficial sub-layer of the epidermis whose cells are dead and ready to be shed to the environment: Stratum corneum | |
| The part of hair that is implanted in the skin. Hair root | |
| Major function of nails: Protect fingers and toes | |
| The deepest sub-layer of the epidermis whose cells are alive and actively mitotic: Stratum basale | |
| True about the hypodermis: composed of adipose and connective tissue | |
| The epidermis contains: Melanocytes | |
| Stimulates melanocytes to make more melanin: UV radiation | |
| The method of heat loss that serves as the primary method, in which infrared heat rays escape radiation | |
| The thickest layer of skin: Dermis | |
| The most superficial layer of skin: Epidermis | |
| major function of skin: storage and synthesis of fats and vitamin D Protect against UV radiation . Protect against pathogens . Thermoregulation for normal body temperature | |
| Hair is located over the entire body surface? 'False'. | |
| The ability of a muscle to return to its original length is called ___. elasticity | |
| Carry sensory and motor info to and from the brain → interneurons, | |
| Carry sensory info to brain → afferent neurons, | |
| largest part of brain composed of 4 lobes → cerebrum, | |
| fight or flight → sympathetic, | |
| relays conscious and unconscious thoughts → diencephalon, | |
| , rest and restore → parasympathetic, | |
| Carry motor info to muscles → efferent neurons | |
| controls muscle posture, tone, and balance → , cerebellum | |
| sleeve of loose connective tissue that surrounds the fascicle. → Perineurium, | |
| surrounds individual axons → Endoneurium, | |
| outermost layer of dense convective tissue → Epineurium, | |
| pons, midbrain, medulla oblongata → brainstem | |
| V Trigeminal → Face and mouth touch, chewing | |
| , I Olfactory → Smell, | |
| VIII Vestibulocochlear (auditory) → Hearing, equilibrium, sensation, | |
| XI Spinal accessory → Controls trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles and swallowing, | |
| IV Trochlear → Innervates superior oblique muscle, turns eye downward and laterally, | |
| VI Abducens → Turns eye laterally, | |
| III Oculomotor → Eyelid and eyeball movement, | |
| II Optic → Vision, | |
| IX Glossopharyngeal → Taste, senses carotid blood pressure, | |
| X Vagus → Senses aortic blood pressure, slows hear rate, stimulus digestive organs, taste, | |
| VII Facial → Controls most facial expressions, secretion of tears and saliva, taste, | |
| XII Hypoglossal → Movement of tongue muscles | |
| Nerve → Neur/o, | |
| Movement, motion → kinesi/o, | |
| Coordinates muscular activity → Cerebellum, | |
| Most protected brain part → Brainstem, | |
| _____ attach muscle to bone. tendons | |
| The outermost layer surrounding muscle epimysium | |
| The connective fibers around the muscle that divide it into individual compartments perimysium | |
| The part of a skeletal muscle that is attached to a fixed structure is called the _____ origin | |
| An injection given in the upper arm is called a ______ deltoid injection | |
| The innermost layer surrounds each muscle fiber endomysium | |
| Brain covering → mening/o, | |
| Coordination → taxo, | |
| Muscle → my/o, | |
| Stupor → Somn/o, | |
| Tone, tension, stretching → ton/o, | |
| Connects the brain and spinal cord → Medulla, | |
| Ring-like → Sphincter, | |
| Uppermost layer of the brain → Cerebrum | |
| An injection given in the outer thigh muscle is called a vastus latealis injection | |
| An injection given in the buttock is called a gluetus medius injection | |
| Smooth muscles Organ, contract for long periods of time and do not fatigue easily, non striated, involuntary | |
| Skeletal muscles voluntary, contract quickly and fatigue easily, triceps, biceps, striated | |
| Cardiac muscles branched, involuntary, contract quickly and do not fatigue easily, heart, striated | |
| Part of the nervous system that carries sensory information and signals to brain and spinal cord: Sensory division | |
| To increase the strength of contraction of a whole muscle, one can recruit: Motor units | |
| Increased myelination of axons tends to increase: Speed of impulse conduction | |
| Major contributors to resting membrane potential includes ____________________ and non-gated ion channels. Na+/K+-ATPase pumps | |
| Neurons with resting cell membranes tend to have: More sodium ions outside than inside | |
| Time when threshold stimulus does not start another action potential Absolute refractory period | |
| Time when stronger threshold stimulus starts another action potential Relative refractory period | |
| True about an EPSP: Action potential of postsynaptic neuron becomes more likely | |
| True about an IPSP: Action potential of postsynaptic neuron becomes less likely | |
| The central nervous system (CNS) consists of the brain and spinal cord. | |
| The meninges consist of the pia mater, arachnoid mater, and dura mater. | |
| Cerebrospinal fluid is clear liquid that nourishes and bathes the brain and spinal cord | |
| The innermost meninges that contains blood vessels and nerves is ____. pia mater | |
| Cerebrospinal fluid informs the autonomic centers in the brainstem and hypothalamus about the internal environment. protects the brain and spinal cord. provides a pathway for waste to enter the blood. | |
| Major function of muscle: Generate body heat Move body parts | |
| Connective tissue layer that immediately surrounds muscle fibers (cells) inside a fascicle Endomysium | |
| The neurotransmitter that stimulates skeletal muscle contraction: Acetylcholine | |
| Ca2+ binds to __________ which moves __________ out of the way so that muscle can contract. Troponin; tropomyosin | |
| The site on the folded sarcolemma where ACh binds is Motor-end-plate | |
| The thin sheath of fibrous tissue surrounding each muscle holding it in place. Fascia | |
| Major cause of muscle fatigue: Lactic acid | |
| The biceps brachii flexes the elbow. The triceps brachii extends the elbow. These muscle are _____ to each other. Antagonists | |
| The biceps femoris flexes the knee. The semitendinosus also flexes the knee. These muscle are _____ to each other. Synergists | |
| Definition of a motor unit: One motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it controls | |
| Neurons connect in a circuit and are stimulated over and over again. These actions create short term (working) memory | |
| The outermost meninges that composed of tough dense connective tissue is the __. dura mater | |
| Meninges located in the middle resembles cob webs. arachnoid mater | |
| The outermost layer of the cerebrum composed of gray unmeylinated mater is called the ___. Cerebral cortex | |
| The area in the frontal lobe responsible for speech production. broca's | |
| The area in the temporal lobe that allows you to understand written and spoken language. wernicke's | |
| The lobe of the brain that allows for; Concentration, planning, problem solving, judging consequences of behavior, and voluntary skeletal muscles frontal | |
| The lobe of the brain that; Interpret temperature, touch, pressure, and pain of the skin. It also allows you to understand speech and use words to express your thoughts and feelings. parietal | |
| The lobe of the brain that; controls hearing, interpreting sensory experiences and remember visual scenes, music, and other complex sensory patterns. temporal | |
| The lobe of the brain that; controls vision, combine visual images with other sensory experiences occipital | |
| The lobe of the brain that; processes taste information, Translates sensory info to proper emotional responses. insula | |
| The Dominant lobe of the brain controls all of the following verbal . analytics lanuage | |
| The Non dominant hemisphere of the brain controls all of the following motor task non verbal task understanding and interpreting music and patterns | |
| Part of the nervous system that carries signals to smooth muscles and glands: Autonomic motor division | |
| When ________ memory is obtain the shape and function of the neurons change. long term memory | |
| The ________ of the limbic system determines what type of the information you are exposed to and files in that corresponding lobe of the brain. hippocampus | |
| Stage of sleep when dreaming occurs. REM | |
| Stage of sleep that restful and dreamless. Non REM | |
| Pathway for ascending and descending information from the body to and from the brain. spinal cord | |
| An automatic, subconscious response to stimuli within or outside of the body. reflex | |
| These nerve tracts are pink and send sensory impulses to the brain. ascending tract | |
| These nerve tracts are light brown and conduct motor impulses from the brain to motor neurons reaching muscles and glands. descending tracts | |
| This division of the ANS is known as the fight or flight. It prepares you during a stressful situation. Sympathetic | |
| This division of the ANS is known as the rest and digest it restores peace after a stressful situation. parasympathetic | |
| Myelination is fatty substance that speeds up conduction | |
| The ability of a muscle to reduce the distance between the parts of its contents is ___. contractibility | |
| The innermost layer surrounds each muscle fiber endomysium | |
| These nerve tracts are pink and send sensory impulses to the brain. ascending tract | |
| These nerve tracts are light brown and conduct motor impulses from the brain to motor neurons reaching muscles and glands. descending tracts | |
| Myelination is fatty substance that speeds up conduction | |
| Part of the central nervous system (CNS): Spinal cord | |
| Reflexes help to control respiratory rate. heart rate and blood pressure. digestive activities. | |
| Connective tissue layer that immediatelysurrounds muscle fibers (cells) inside a fascicle Endomysium | |
| The lobe of the brain that allows for; frontal | |
| An automatic, subconscious response to stimuli within or outside of the body. reflex |
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