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Biology
Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| photosynthesis inputs | Carbon dioxide and water |
| photosynthesis outputs | sugars and oxygen |
| photosynthesis equation | 6 H2O + 6 CO2 -> C6 H12 O6 + 6 O2 |
| ATP | Adenosine Triphosphate (Stored energy) |
| ADP | Adenosine Diphosphate (Charged Energy) |
| ___ from the ___ must be captured for ___ to occur | light energy from the sun must be captured for photosynthesis to occur |
| sunlight | "white" light, actually a mixture of different wavelengths |
| photosynthesis organisms capture... | energy from sunlight with pigments-- principally with chlorophyll |
| stroma location | chloroplast which is in the cytoplasm |
| photosynthesis location | in plants photosynthesis takes place inside organelles called chloroplasts |
| electron carriers | molecule that picks up high-energy electrons and carries them to other places in the cell. NADPH is one example. It takes the energy-rich electrons from light absorbed by chlorophyll and transports them to help with other chemical reactions in the cell. |
| stages of photosynthesis | light dependent reactions and light independent reactions (dark reactions, calvin cycle) |
| what does a light dependent reactions require | the direct involvement of light and light-absorbing pigments |
| light dependent reaction location | thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts |
| electrons and atp in a light dependent reaction | electrons carry energy and atp stores it, both helping plants make food from light |
| light dependent reactions produce... | atp, nadph, and oxygen using energy from sunlight |
| thylakoids | small membrane-bound sacs in the chloroplast, contain clusters of chlorophyll and proteins known as photosystems |
| light dependent reaction production | use energy from sunlight to produce oxygen |
| light dependent reactions convert ___ & ___ into ___ & ___ | ADP, NADP+ -> energy carriers ATP and NADPH |
| electron transport chain | a series of election carrier proteins shuttle high-energy electrons during ATP-generating reactions |
| Photosystems | clusters of chlorophyll and proteins contained in thylakoids |
| Photosystem II | chlorophyll absorbs light energy and produces high-energy electrons, splits water molecules releasing H+ ions into the thylakoid membrane and oxygen into the atmosphere as a waste product |
| Photosystem I | electrons are reenergized, second electron transport chain transfers electrons to NADP+, producing NADPH |
| Hydrogen ion movement/ATP formation | the difference in both charge and H+ ion concentration across the membrane provides the energy to make ATP light dependent the hydrogen atoms build up which creates a gradient and send the hydrogen ions through the atp synthase which creates atp |
| light independent reaction (calvin cycle, dark reaction) | use atp and nadph molecules produced in the light-dependent reactions to produce high-energy sugars from carbon dioxide |
| what are atp and nadph used for in light independent reactions | used to synthesize high-energy sugars |
| when does carbon dioxide enter | during the calvin cycle |
| co2 enter during the calvin cycle, what does it do | ribulose biphosphate oxygenase(RuBisCo) combines six carbon dioxide molecules from the atmosphere combine with six 5-carbon molecules of ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP) one by one produces 12 3-carbon compounds called 3-phosphoglycerate (3-PGA) |
| sugar production during dark reaction | energy from ATP and high-energy electrons from NADPH are used to convert the 3-carbon molecules to higher-energy forms |
| factors that affect photosynthesis | temperature, light intensity, and availability of water. some plants have adapted to extremely hot or bright conditions: C3 plants and CAM plants |
| cellular respiration inputs | oxygen and glucose |
| cellular respiration outputs | carbon dioxide, water, and energy |
| cellular respiration | process of energy conversion that releases energy from food in the presence of oxygen |
| cellular respiration equation | C6 H12 O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP (energy) |
| stages of cellular respiration | glycolysis, krebs cycle, electron transport |
| what happens during glycolysis | one molecule of glucose is converted to two molecules of pyruvic acid (pyruvate) |
| where does glycolysis occur | cytoplasm |
| is glycolysis aerobic or anaerobic | both |
| is photosynthesis aerobic or anaerobic | anaerobic because oxygen is a waste product (Photosystem II XD) |
| aerobic | with energy |
| anaerobic | without energy |
| glycolysis reactants and products and where does it come from | 2 ATP, 2 NAD+, glucose 2 molecules of atp and 2 molecules of nadh, come from the split glucose molecules |
| high energy electrons and nadh in glycolysis | the high-energy electrons produced by chlorophyll are highly reactive and require a special "carrier" glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P) is oxidized and the high energy electrons are transported to nad+ molecules to form nadh |
| the process of fermentation | in the absence of oxygen, fermentation releases energy from food molecules by producing ATP and in the presence of other microorganisms (yeasts, molds, and bacteria) that obtain their energy through fermentation, types are alcoholic and lactic acid |
| alcoholic fermentation process | yeasts and a few other microorganisms use alcoholic fermentation, which produces ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide |
| alcoholic fermentation equation | Pyruvic acid + NADH -> Alcohol + CO2 + NAD+ glucose + ADP + Pi -> Ethanol + CO2 + ATP |
| lactic acid fermentation process | most organisms carry out fermentation using a chemical reaction that converts pyruvic acid to lactic acid, ANIMALS, MUSCLE SORENESS |
| lactic acid fermentation equation | Pyruvic acid + NADH -> Lactic acid + NAD+ glucose -> pyruvic acid -> lactic acid |
| what does the body use for quick bursts of energy | ATP already in the muscles as well as ATP made by lactic acid fermentation |
| When is cellular respiration the only way to continue generating a supply of ATP | for exercise longer than about 90 seconds |
| the krebs cycle process | pyruvic acid is broken down into carbon dioxide in a series of energy-extracting reactions, takes place in the mitochondrial matrix, only 2 ATP are produced here, produces carbon dioxide |
| krebs cycle inputs outputs | pyruvic acid from glycolysis is used to make 6 NADH (3 per cycle), 2 ATP (one per cycle) , and 2 FADH2 (1 per cycle) with carbon dioxide as a by-product |
| what passes through the krebs cycle | pyruvic acid(pyruvate) passes through the two membranes of the mitochondrion and into the matrix |
| the krebs cycle: citric acid production | Acetyl-CoA adds the 2-carbon acetyl group to a 4-carbon molecules already present, producing a 6-carbon molecules called citric acid |
| the krebs cycle: energy extraction part 2 of the answer: at five places in the cycle, electron carriers accept a pair of high-energy electrons, and NAD+ and FAD are converted to NADH and FADH2 | citric acid is broken down into a 4-carbon molecule, more co2 is released, and electrons and transferred to energy carriers. for each turn of the cycle a molecule of ADP is converted into a molecule of ATP. |
| electron transport chain (C.R) | products from the krebs cycle and glycolysis feed into the last step of cellular respiration electron transport chain is composed of a series of electron carriers located in the inner membrane of the mitochondrion |
| electron transport - atp production | electron transport uses the high-energy electrons from glycolysis and the krebs cycle to synthesize atp from adp the cell uses a process known as chemiosmosis to produce atp |
| cellular respiration energy totals | glycolysis, the krebs cycle and the electron transport chain release about 36 molecules of atp per molecule of glucose |
| the rate of photosynthesis depends on... | the intensity of the light and the temperature |
| is fermentation anaerobic or aerobic | anaerobic |
| bridge reaction | after one glucose molecules gets split into two pyruvate, they get transported to the mitochondria where one carbon atom is released into the air as CO2 and the other two atoms are attacked to a helper molecule called coenzyme A forming acetyl, CoA |
Created by:
MeghnaG791
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