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Genetics
Biology Vocabulary
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| deoxyribonucleic acid | nucleic acid, which is self-replicating and contains the code to make all proteins needed by an organism |
| DNA replication | – the process by which a copy of DNA is made by separating the two strands and building a complementary strand on each of the original strands |
| interphase | cell cycle in which a typical cell spends most of its life |
| mitosis | the process of nuclear division, that along with cytokinesis produces two genetically identical daughter cells |
| nucleotide | the building blocks of nucleic acids; consists of a sugar, phosphate, and a nitrogenous base |
| somatic cell | all the cells in an organism's body that are not reproductive cells |
| transcription | the process of making a copy of the genetic information stored in a DNA strand into a complementary strand of RNA |
| Protein synthesis | the cellular process used to make proteins; includes transcription and translation |
| translation | the process of decoding a strand of mRNA to produce a particular sequence of amino acids |
| chromosomal mutation | a change in the structure or number of chromosomes |
| inversion | a mutation in which a chromosome breaks off and reattaches to the same chromosome |
| anti-parallel | DNA strands are parallel but running in opposite directions. |
| frameshift mutations | disrupt the normal reading frame of codons and ultimately the entire sequence of amino acids |
| cell differentiation | the process by which cells become specialized to perform specific functions |
| Stem Cells | cells that can develop into many different types of cells in the body, and are used by the body to repair itself |
| substitution | One nucleotide replaces another nucleotide in a DNA sequence |
| codominance | a pattern of inheritance where both alleles are expressed equally in the phenotype |
| non-Mendelian inheritance, | any pattern of inheritance (in which traits do not segregate in accordance with Mendel's laws) example Incomplete dominance |
| incomplete dominance | a pattern of inheritance where the phenotype of a heterozygote is an intermediate |
| independent assortment | Different genes and their alleles separate randomly during meiosis |
| meiosis | a type of cell division in sexually reproducing organisms that reduces the number of chromosomes in gametes |
| crossing over | exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes resulting in new combinations during meiosis |
| haploid | a cell or nucleus which contains one copy of each chromosome |
| phenotype | observable characteristics of an organism |
| genotype | refers to the two alleles present |
| heterozygous | inheritance of one dominant and one recessive allele |
| homozygous | inheritance of two alike alleles |
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